scholarly journals Varied Effects of Tending Ant Species on the Development of Facultatively Myrmecophilous Lycaenid Butterfly Larvae

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Mizuno ◽  
Hagiwara ◽  
Akino
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Species Combination ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Lycaenid Butterfly ◽  
Lasius Japonicus ◽  
Butterfly Larvae

Ants often tend and protect the larvae of various myrmecophilous lycaenid species, which influences the fitness of butterflies by altering their growth and developmental time. Tending produces diverse effects depending on lycaenid sex and the lycaenid/ant species combination. Effects are widely variable, especially in facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids such as Plebejus argyrognomon praeterinsularis, because they are associated with several ant species and can survive without any ant tending. We studied the effects of ant tending on the adult body mass and larval developmental time of P. argyrognomon praeterinsularis. Female larvae grew significantly heavier as adults when tended by Camponotus japonicus rather than by either Lasius japonicus or no ant species. Ant tending did not affect the body mass of adult males or the developmental time of either male or female larvae. Thus, tending by C. japonicus could increase the fitness of P. argyrognomon praeterinsularis by increasing the mass of females without prolonging the duration of vulnerable immature stages, because larger females generally lay more eggs. This means that even facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids might gain fitness benefits from particular ant species, which could be important in the conservation and management of at-risk species of facultatively myrmecophilous lycaenids.

Male mating success is related to body condition and stress-induced leukocyte response in an anuran with scramble competition

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-398
Author(s):  
M.S. Gastón ◽  
M. Vaira
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Scramble Competition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Condition Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Leukocyte Response

Competition among males can be a decisive factor for successful mating in anuran explosive breeders with a male-biased population sex ratio. The Yungas Red-belly Toad (Melanophryniscus rubriventris (Vellard, 1947)) is an explosive breeder where males exhibit a classic scramble competition. We studied the body size, body condition, and stress-induced leukocyte response of M. rubriventris males under natural scenarios of scramble competition. We hand-captured adult males (categorised as single, in pairs, or in mating balls) and determined their body mass and length, body condition, and their leukocyte profile. We found that males in pairs had significantly higher body mass than single males and those in mating balls. We found the highest percentage of individuals with better body condition within the paired males who showed significantly higher body condition index value than singles or those in mating balls. Amplectant males (those collected in pairs or in mating balls) had a significantly lower proportion of lymphocytes and higher neutrophil–lymphocyte ratios than singles. Amplectant males showed significantly higher proportions of neutrophils or eosinophils than singles. Our results suggest that M. rubriventris males with better body condition can be more successful in acquiring mates, although scramble competition among males can trigger a stress response.

Does testosterone or coloration affect growth rates of adult males of the lizard Psammodromus algirus?

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Salvador ◽  
José P Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Psammodromus Algirus ◽  
Ornamental Traits ◽  
Breeding Coloration

Elevation of circulating testosterone levels during the breeding season stimulates the development of breeding coloration and favors traits that maximize reproductive success, but it may have several costs. Retardation of growth by testosterone has been proposed as one of these costs to males of long-lived species. We examine the results of a field experiment on the short-term (within the breeding season) and long-term (1 year) effects of heightening levels of testosterone on the growth of males of the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus. Testosterone did not affect the mass gain of males during the reproductive period or between years. The between-years increase in snout-vent length in testosterone-supplemented males tended to be less than in control individuals. Within-season individual mass gain was mainly determined by body mass at emergence: the lower the body mass the higher the mass gain. Our results do not support the idea that the production of ornamental traits limits growth, as the negative correlation between degree of head coloration and mass gain disappeared when body mass was controlled for.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Hunting Methods and the Sex, Age and Body Mass of Wild Boar Sus scrofa

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Robert Kamieniarz ◽  
Łukasz Jankowiak ◽  
Martyna Fratczak ◽  
Marek Panek ◽  
Janusz Wojtczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Increases in the wild boar Sus scrofa population create many conflicts that must be managed, especially because hunting represents a major cause of mortality in this game species. However, hunting effort is not distributed randomly and is influenced by many factors, including hunting methods. This can be especially important in understanding the nature of hunting pressure for both theoretical (ecological and evolutionary) and applied reasons (for management purposes, especially during infectious diseases, for example, African swine fever, outbreaks). We analyzed hunting data from the survey area in Western Poland from the years 1965–2016. In this period a total of 2335 wild boar were culled using two hunting methods: by individual hunters (43.8%) and by teams of hunters (52.0%). During the study period, the number of wild boars increased significantly but in a non-linear manner. More adult males and yearlings of both sexes were shot during individual hunts; more adult females were culled during team hunting. Moreover, the body mass of culled wild boars was positively influenced by the distance to a forest and during the team hunts heavier females and males were shot. To effectively control populations of wild boars, programs to reduce the number of individuals should be better planned and ensure the maintenance of proper age- and sex structure in the wild boar population.

scholarly journals Modeling the effects of Aedes aegypti’s larval environment on adult body mass at emergence

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1009102
Author(s):  
Melody Walker ◽  
Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran ◽  
Clément Vinauger ◽  
Michael A. Robert ◽  
Lauren M. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
The Impact

Mosquitoes vector harmful pathogens that infect millions of people every year, and developing approaches to effectively control mosquitoes is a topic of great interest. However, the success of many control measures is highly dependent upon ecological, physiological, and life history traits of mosquito species. The behavior of mosquitoes and their potential to vector pathogens can also be impacted by these traits. One trait of interest is mosquito body mass, which depends upon many factors associated with the environment in which juvenile mosquitoes develop. Our experiments examined the impact of larval density on the body mass of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are important vectors of dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and other pathogens. To investigate the interactions between the larval environment and mosquito body mass, we built a discrete time mathematical model that incorporates body mass, larval density, and food availability and fit the model to our experimental data. We considered three categories of model complexity informed by data, and selected the best model within each category using Akaike’s Information Criterion. We found that the larval environment is an important determinant of the body mass of mosquitoes upon emergence. Furthermore, we found that larval density has greater impact on body mass of adults at emergence than on development time, and that inclusion of density dependence in the survival of female aquatic stages in models is important. We discuss the implications of our results for the control of Aedes mosquitoes and on their potential to spread disease.

scholarly journals Modeling the effects of Aedes aegypti's larval environment on adult body mass at emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Walker ◽  
Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran ◽  
Clement Vinauger ◽  
Michael Robert ◽  
Lauren M. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
The Impact

Mosquitoes vector harmful pathogens that infect  millions  of people every year, and developing approaches to effectively control mosquitoes is a topic of great interest. However, the success of many control measures is highly dependent upon ecological, physiological, and life history traits of the mosquito species. The behavior of mosquitoes and their potential to vector pathogens can also be impacted by these traits. One trait of interest is mosquito body mass, which depends upon many factors associated with the environment in which juvenile mosquitoes develop. Our experiments examined the impact of larval density on the body mass of Aedes aegypti  mosquitoes, which are important vectors of dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and other pathogens. To investigate the interactions between the larval environment and mosquito body mass, we built a discrete time  mathematical model that incorporates body mass, larval density, and food availability and fit the model to our experimental data. We considered three categories of model complexity informed by data, and selected the best model within each category using Akaike's Information Criterion. We found that the larval environment is an important determinant of the body mass of mosquitoes upon emergence. Furthermore, we found that larval density has greater impact on body mass of adults at emergence than on development time, and that inclusion of density dependence in the survival of female aquatic stages in models is important.  We discuss the implications of our results for the control of Aedes  mosquitoes and on their potential to spread disease.

scholarly journals BODY MASS LOSS IN DRY SAUNA AND HEART RATE RESPONSE TO HEAT STRESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-262
Author(s):  
Tomasz Boraczyński ◽  
Michał Boraczyński ◽  
Robert Podstawski ◽  
Krzysztof Borysławski ◽  
Krzysztof Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Sauna Bathing

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of sauna-induced heat exposure on body mass loss (BML) and its relationships with basic anthropometric and physiological variables. Methods: The sample comprised 230 healthy adult males aged 21.0 ± 1.08 years (age range: 20.0–24.5 years). Body surface area (BSA) was determined and two groups of individuals with high BSA (BSAH; n = 58) and low BSA (BSAL; n = 74) were extracted. The intervention consisted of two 10-min dry sauna sessions separated by a 5-min interlude. Pre-, peri-, and post-sauna measures of nude body mass (BM) and heart rate (HR) were taken. Results: BML differed between BSA groups by 0.28 kg (74.81%). Absolute and relative BML most strongly correlated with BM and BSA (p < 0.001). Among the four considered height–weight indexes, the Quetelet I Index and Body Mass Index showed the strongest associations (p < 0.001) with BML whereas the weakest were with the Rohrer Index (p < 0.01) and Slenderness Index (p < 0.05). Compared with BML, differences in HR were relatively minor (from 9.90% to 18.07%) and a significant association was observed between BML and HR at rest (p < 0.01) and in 10th and 20th min of sauna bathing (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The magnitude of BML in healthy adult males after passive heat exposure was dependent on BM and concomitantly BSA. The physiological cost of dry sauna-induced thermal strain (as assessed by BML and HR) is greater in individuals with high BM and BSA. BM and HR monitoring is also recommended in order to minimize the risk of homeostatic imbalance and cardiovascular events and this cohort should more frequently cool the body and consume a greater volume of fluids during sauna bathing. Evidence Level II; Prospective comparative study.

The Breeding biology of Pseudocheirus peregrinus viverrinus on FLinders ISland, Bass Strait

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Munks
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birth Season ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Pseudocheirus Peregrinus ◽  
The Mean

Reproduction in Pseudocheirus peregrinus viverrinus in coastal teatree woodland on Flinders Island was seasonal. The main birth season was from May to August. The mean duration of lactation was 29 weeks. The duration of lactation for multiparous females that bred twice in a year was significantly shorter than that of multiparous single breeders. In general the young left the pouch during early spring and were fully weaned by the early summer months. In contrast to populations of P. peregrinus inhabiting similar woodland in Victoria only a few multiparous females (6-9%) gave birth to a second litter in the springlsummer months on Flinders Island. The mean litter size (1.84) and annual fecundity of the population (1.91 offspring per female) were lower than those reported for three populations of Pseudocheirus peregrinus in Victoria. It is suggested that the low occurrence of spring/summer births and low fecundity of P. p. viverrinus on Flinders Island may be related to the age and nutrient status of their coastal teatree forest habitat. The body mass of P. p. viverrinus was higher than previously recorded for P. peregrinus. The adult body mass of females ranged from 948 to 1082 g. Adults showed seasonal variation in body mass with most females losing weight during the late spring and summer months coincident with late lactation. It is proposed that the larger body size of P. p. viverrinus on Flinders Island is a result of release from predation pressure and/or interspecific competition.

191: Does the Body Mass Index Affect the Outcome Following Reconstruction of Orthotopic Neobladder?

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Murugesan Manoharan ◽  
Martha A. Reyes ◽  
Alan M. Nieder ◽  
Bruce R. Kava ◽  
MarkS Soloway
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Orthotopic Neobladder

EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Subramanyam ◽  
Dr. P. Subhash Babu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Group B

Obesity has become one of the major health issues in India. WHO defines obesity as “A condition with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that the health and wellbeing are adversely affected”. Obesity results from a complex interaction of genetic, behavioral, environmental and socioeconomic factors causing an imbalance in energy production and expenditure. Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum rate of airflow that can be generated during forced expiratory manoeuvre starting from total lung capacity. The simplicity of the method is its main advantage. It is measured by using a standard Wright Peak Flow Meter or mini Wright Meter. The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate values in young adults. The place of a study was done tertiary health care centre, in India for the period of 6 months. Study was performed on 80 subjects age group 20 -30 years, categorised as normal weight BMI =18.5 -24.99 kg/m2 and overweight BMI =25-29.99 kg/m2. There were 40 normal weight BMI (Group A) and 40 over weight BMI (Group B). BMI affects PEFR. Increase in BMI decreases PEFR. Early identification of risk individuals prior to the onset of disease is imperative in our developing country. Keywords: BMI, PEFR.

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