scholarly journals The Relationship between Hunting Methods and the Sex, Age and Body Mass of Wild Boar Sus scrofa

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Robert Kamieniarz ◽  
Łukasz Jankowiak ◽  
Martyna Fratczak ◽  
Marek Panek ◽  
Janusz Wojtczak ◽  
...  

Increases in the wild boar Sus scrofa population create many conflicts that must be managed, especially because hunting represents a major cause of mortality in this game species. However, hunting effort is not distributed randomly and is influenced by many factors, including hunting methods. This can be especially important in understanding the nature of hunting pressure for both theoretical (ecological and evolutionary) and applied reasons (for management purposes, especially during infectious diseases, for example, African swine fever, outbreaks). We analyzed hunting data from the survey area in Western Poland from the years 1965–2016. In this period a total of 2335 wild boar were culled using two hunting methods: by individual hunters (43.8%) and by teams of hunters (52.0%). During the study period, the number of wild boars increased significantly but in a non-linear manner. More adult males and yearlings of both sexes were shot during individual hunts; more adult females were culled during team hunting. Moreover, the body mass of culled wild boars was positively influenced by the distance to a forest and during the team hunts heavier females and males were shot. To effectively control populations of wild boars, programs to reduce the number of individuals should be better planned and ensure the maintenance of proper age- and sex structure in the wild boar population.

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Frant ◽  
M Lyjak ◽  
L Bocian ◽  
A Barszcz ◽  
K Niemczuk ◽  
...  

African swine fever (ASF) was first described in 1921 in Kenya. The latest epidemic of ASF started in 2007 in Georgia. The virus was introduced to Poland in 2014. Since the beginning of the epidemics, the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (NVRI) has been testing wild boar samples from restricted areas and other parts of Poland to conduct passive and active surveillance for ASFV in these groups of animals. The aim of this study was to summarise the last two years of the ASF epidemiological status in Poland and the attempt to find disease patterns in the wild boar population. The period between 2017 and 2018 brought a massive number of new ASF cases in Poland. The number of ASF-positive wild boars jumped from 91 in 2016 to 1 140 in 2017 (approximately a 12 × increase), and 2018 was even worse, with the disease affecting 4 083 animals (2 435 cases; one case could even be 10 animals or more if they are found in one place next to each other). The percentage of positive wild boars found dead (passive surveillance) in the restricted area increased in 2018 to 73.1% from 70.8% in 2017. The chance of obtaining positive results in this group was six times higher in December and 4.5 times higher in January than in August and September. The percentage of positive wild boars detected through active surveillance reached 1.5% in 2018. The data suggested that, not only in Poland, but also in other ASF-affected countries, during the epizootic stage of the disease spread the most important measure is an effective passive surveillance of dead wild boars especially, in the winter season rather than in the summer.


2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Kaminski ◽  
S Brandt ◽  
E Baubet ◽  
C Baudoin

Mother–daughter postweaning associations in wild boars (Sus scrofa L., 1758) were investigated using 12 years' data from a wild population in Champagne, France. In the wild boar, a polygynous ungulate species, females (i) can reproduce as soon as they are yearlings and (ii) generally have large litters, in contrast to many other ungulate species. It is generally thought that their social organization is centered around groups of adult females and their offspring, but genealogical relationships in female groups have never been studied. Hence this species is suitable for testing the hypothesis of a matrilineal social organization. We studied the occurrence and strength of mother–daughter associations before and after the first potential breeding of yearling females, using a total of 85 individuals. Seasonal fluctuations in associations were observed, but after weaning, daughters generally remained with the mother. When leaving their natal group, yearling females formed new kin groups with sisters. Two important factors involved in the postweaning associations were adult and yearling reproductive participation and maternal age. The present study constitutes the first clear demonstration that family groups, with overlapping generations of females, represent the typical social organization in a forest wild boar population.


2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Camargo–Sanabria ◽  
Salvador Mandujano

Resumen: Tanto desde una perspectiva ecológica como de manejo, es importante conocer la proporción de sexos y la estructura de edades de las poblaciones de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus). Sin embargo, en aquellos lugares donde no es posible ver directamente a los animales en vida libre, no es sencillo determinar su edad y sexo por lo que se han empleado métodos indirectos como el análisis morfométrico de los pellets. Con el fin de determinar si la variación entre pellets de individuos de diferentes edades y sexo permite su correcta categorización, se colectaron los grupos fecales de individuos conocidos en cautiverio en la UMA-Zoológico Flor del Bosque, Puebla. Se obtuvieron 180 muestras de las cuales 18 fueron de crías (< 1 año), 78 de juveniles (2-3 años) y 84 de adultos (> 3 años). Se comparó el promedio de todas las variables morfométricas entre grupos fecales de un mismo individuo y entre individuos de la misma clase de edad y sexo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que dada la alta variación presentada en las medidas morfométricas de los pellets de un mismo individuo en una misma época y entre épocas del año, y la baja variación mostrada entre grupos fecales de individuos de diferentes clases de edad y sexo, el análisis morfométrico de pellets es una metodología poco confiable para determinar la estructura de edad y sexo de una población de O. v. mexicanus. En consecuencia, la técnica de clasificación fuzzy no logra una categorización adecuada de la población en estudio pues sólo separa a los machos adultos de 5 y 6 años, mientras que los machos de menor edad y juveniles, así como hembras adultas y juveniles no son discriminados en clases separadas. Se sugiere realizar análisis similares a este con otras subespecies de venado que no exhiban un fuerte dimorfismo sexual como aquellas distribuidas hacia el centro y sur de México. Palabras clave: estructura de edades, método indirecto, pellets, técnica fuzzy, Odocoileus  virginianus.Abstract: Both from an ecological perspective as management, it is important to know the sex ratio and age structure of populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, in places where you can not directly see the animals in the wild is not easy to determine their age and sex so indirect methods have been used as a morphometric analysis of the pellets. To determine whether the variation between pellets of individuals of different age and sex allows proper categorization, fecal groups were collected from known individuals in captivity in the Zoo UMA-Flor del Bosque, Puebla. We obtained 180 samples of which 18 were young (<1 year), 78 juveniles (2-3 years) and 84 adults (> 3 years). We compared the average for all morphometric variables between groups fecal same individual and between individuals of the same age class and sex. Our results suggest that given the high variation shown in the body measures of the pellets from the same individual in the same season and between seasons, and low fecal variation shown between groups of individuals of different age classes and sex, analysis morphometry of pellets is an unreliable method to determine the age and sex structure of a population of O. v. mexicanus. Consequently, the fuzzy classification technique does not achieve appropriate categorization of the study population because only separates adult males of 5 and 6 years, while younger males and juveniles and adult females and juveniles are not discriminated against in separate classes. Similar analysis suggested this to other subspecies of deer that do not exhibit strong sexual dimorphism as those distributed to the central and southern Mexico.Key words: Structure of ages, indirect method, pellets, technology fuzzy, Odocoileus  virginianus.


2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (02) ◽  
pp. 6501-2021
Author(s):  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK ◽  
ZYGMUNT GIŻEJEWSKI

Recent years (since 2013) have witnessed an increasing interest in wild boars in Europe because this animal species has become the most important reservoir of the African swine fever virus (ASFV). In all countries affected by ASF since 2013, the virus originated in wild boar populations, and the disease was directly or indirectly transmitted from wild boars to domestic pigs. In Poland, the first known case of ASF was detected in February 2014, and nearly 10 300 cases were reported by the end of April 2020. A correlation was found between the density of wild boar populations and the number of ASF cases. The global population of wild boars has increased considerably, and their natural range has expanded, particularly northward and westward. The mean annual growth rate in the wild boar population in Europe is around 100%. Milder winters and agricultural transformations that involve growing a single crop (in particular, maize) over large areas are the key factors contributing to the increase in the number of wild boars. In the opinion of most experts, recreational hunting is not sufficient to control the expansion of wild boar populations in Europe. Undoubtedly, wild boar populations will continue to be the main reservoir of the ASFV for many years to come, and wild boars will remain the major risk factor for ASF spread in commercial pig herds. Therefore, a new long-term approach to wild boar population management is needed


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogusław Bobek ◽  
Jakub Furtek ◽  
Marta Wojciuch-Płoskonka

AbstractThe spread of the African swine fever through wild boar population has caused major losses in the pig industry. Therefore, to decrease the population density of wild boar in Poland, the culling of these animals has been dramatically increased. However, the effect of depopulation is unknown because there are no methods that could be used throughout the country to estimate the number of wild boar. Thus, during two hunting seasons an attempt was made to estimate the number of wild boar using data from collective hunts. The forested area of 21 hunting districts (351.5 km2) was divided into five sampling inventory blocks (SIBs), which were used for the statistical analysis of the population density, the harvest rate and results of collective hunts. The average population density obtained by a driving census amounted to 8.19 ± 1.12 and 10.09 ± 1.06 (x̅ ± SE), animals/km2, which indicates that 2879 and 3547 wild boar were living in the study area in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons respectively. The number of wild boars bagged per one hunting plot was adopted as the harvest success index (HBI). In SIBs the HBI value fluctuated in the range of 0.55 to 1.87 individuals/hunting plot and the population density ranged from 6.46 to 12.18 wild boars/km2. The non-linear regression showed a positive relationship between the HBI index and the population density. The discussion covers the possibility of using collective hunts to estimate the number of wild boar in Poland and in the European Union.


1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1691-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Cousse ◽  
François Spitz ◽  
Mark Hewison ◽  
Georges Janeau

Eight juvenile (3–8 months) wild boars belonging to two separate litters, and the mother of each litter, were radiolocated daily. The position of an individual juvenile at the time of each location was classified according to its association with its postnatal range, its mother, and its siblings. Preliminary analysis showed that location relative to the postnatal range was independent of association with the mother and siblings, while association with the mother was positively correlated. Although a degree of attachment to their postnatal range persisted in juveniles, surrounding areas were used preferentially. Juveniles were equally likely to be located in the presence of their mother as without her, but they generally separated from their mother during exploratory phases outside the postnatal range. Individual differences in exploratory behaviour occurred between juveniles from the same litter.


2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Z. Boros ◽  
I. Vallée ◽  
L. C. Panait ◽  
C. M. Gherman ◽  
A. Chevillot ◽  
...  

SummaryThe wild boar (Sus scrofa) has a wide geographical distribution and can be an important source of Trichinella spp. infection in humans in Romania.The objective of this study was to identify the presence of Trichinella spp. in the wild boar population in Bihor County, Romania.Eighty four plasma and diaphragm samples, collected from wild boars, were included in this study. Artificial digestion, ELISA and Western blot were performed on these specimens. All diaphragm samples were negative for Trichinella larvae in artificial digestion, while in ELISA, 54 (64.2 %) plasma samples were positive and 6 (7.1 %) plasma samples were doubtful. Western blot was performed on 26 plasma samples from which only 6 (23.0 %) gave a positive result.Serological evidences indicate the presence of Trichinella spp. in wild boars from western Romania. Therefore, human consumers might be at risk to ingest Trichinella larvae, even in low numbers.


Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Razzuoli ◽  
Valeria Listorti ◽  
Isabella Martini ◽  
Laura Migone ◽  
Lucia Decastelli ◽  
...  

Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent. Wild boars might host this pathogen in the intestinal tract and might represent a risk for Salmonella spp. transmission to humans. Wild boars are widely spread in Liguria, due to the environmental characteristics of the region. The aim of the study was the isolation, typing, and investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains of Salmonella spp. During the 2013–2017 hunting seasons, 4335 livers of wild boars were collected and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. A total of 260 strains of Salmonella spp. were isolated and characterized, with a prevalence of 6%. The isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies. Most of them were identified as Salmonella enterica subs. enterica of which 31 different serotypes were identified. The dominating serotype identified was S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains were analyzed against sixteen molecules. Of the isolated strains, 94.6% were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. This study showed the circulation of resistant Salmonella spp. strains in the wild boar population living in this area of Italy, underling the potential risk for these animals to disseminate this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistances.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Jun-Sik Lim ◽  
Timothée Vergne ◽  
Son-Il Pak ◽  
Eutteum Kim

In September 2019, African swine fever (ASF) was reported in South Korea for the first time. Since then, more than 651 ASF cases in wild boars and 14 farm outbreaks have been notified in the country. Despite the efforts to eradicate ASF among wild boar populations, the number of reported ASF-positive wild boar carcasses have increased recently. The purpose of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of ASF-positive wild boar carcasses to identify the risk factors associated with the presence and number of ASF-positive wild boar carcasses in the affected areas. Because surveillance efforts have substantially increased in early 2020, we divided the study into two periods (2 October 2019 to 19 January 2020, and 19 January to 28 April 2020) based on the number of reported cases and aggregated the number of reported ASF-positive carcasses into a regular grid of hexagons of 3-km diameter. To account for imperfect detection of positive carcasses, we adjusted spatial zero-inflated Poisson regression models to the number of ASF-positive wild boar carcasses per hexagon. During the first study period, proximity to North Korea was identified as the major risk factor for the presence of African swine fever virus. In addition, there were more positive carcasses reported in affected hexagons with high habitat suitability for wild boars, low heat load index (HLI), and high human density. During the second study period, proximity to an ASF-positive carcass reported during the first period was the only significant risk factor for the presence of ASF-positive carcasses. Additionally, low HLI and elevation were associated with an increased number of ASF-positive carcasses reported in the affected hexagons. Although the proportion of ASF-affected hexagons increased from 0.06 (95% credible interval (CrI): 0.05–0.07) to 0.09 (95% CrI: 0.08–0.10), the probability of reporting at least one positive carcass in ASF-affected hexagons increased from 0.49 (95% CrI: 0.41–0.57) to 0.73 (95% CrI: 0.66–0.81) between the two study periods. These results can be used to further advance risk-based surveillance strategies in the Republic of Korea.


2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-564
Author(s):  
Martyna Batorska ◽  
Justyna Więcek ◽  
Małgorzata Kunowska-Slósarz ◽  
Kamila Puppel ◽  
Jan Slósarz ◽  
...  

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carcass weight on chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of m. longissimus dorsi and m. semimembranosus of European wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) meat. The research was carried out on 50 wild boars shot during four battues at hunting reserves in the central part of Poland. The carcasses were divided into three groups: ≤30 kg (G1), 31–45 kg (G2), and >45 kg (G3). The protein concentration increased with carcass weight (P ≤ 0.01). The concentration of saturated fatty acids was influenced by carcass weight and was higher when weight increased. A significantly higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was found in the carcasses of wild boars from G3 compared with G1 group (P ≤ 0.01). The content of C18:2n-6 was significantly lower in the lightest carcasses compared with the heaviest (P ≤ 0.05). Statistical analysis confirmed that carcasses weight significantly affected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 content. The lightest carcasses contained a significantly higher concentration of PUFA n-3 (P ≤ 0.01). In addition, in G3, the amount of C22:5n-3 was two-fold lower (P ≤ 0.01) than in G1. The research has shown that the meat quality was affected by the carcass weight, resulting better parameters in the lighter than in the heavier carcasses. Therefore, most of the culled wild boars should be squeakers and young boars after the first year of life.


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