scholarly journals Effects of Dual Exposure to the Herbicides Atrazine and Paraquat on Adult Climbing Ability and Longevity in Drosophila melanogaster

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Lovejoy ◽  
Fiumera
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Motor Ability ◽  
Combined Exposure ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Female Longevity ◽  
Climbing Ability

Anthropomorphic effects are changing the planet, and therefore, organisms are being exposed to many new biotic and abiotic stressors. Exposure to multiple stressors can affect organisms in ways that are different than the sum of their individual effects, and these interactions are often difficult to predict. Atrazine and paraquat are two of the most widely used herbicides in the United States, and are individually known to increase oxidative damage, affect dopaminergic functioning, reduce longevity, and alter motor ability in non-target organisms. We measured the effects of individual and combined exposure to low doses of atrazine and paraquat on climbing ability and longevity of Drosophila melanogaster. Atrazine and paraquat interact to affect D. melanogaster climbing ability and longevity in different ways. Atrazine appeared to have a weak mitigative effect against the decrease in climbing ability caused by paraquat. In contrast, combined exposure to atrazine and paraquat had detrimental synergistic effects on female longevity. Overall, this study shows that atrazine and paraquat can interact and that it is important to measure several traits when assessing the consequences of exposure to multiple stressors. Future studies should continue to assess the impacts of stressor interactions on organisms, as many combinations have never been examined.

scholarly journals ArcGIS Urban: an application for plan assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Soward ◽  
Jianling Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Planning Profession ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Comprehensive Plans ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The City

AbstractMost cities in the United States rely on zoning to address important planning-related issues within their jurisdictions. Planners often use GIS tools to analyze these issues in a spatial context. ESRI’s ArcGIS Urban software seeks to provide the planning profession with a GIS-based solution for various challenges, including zoning’s impacts on the built environment and housing capacity.This research explores the use of ArcGIS Urban for assessing the existing zoning and comprehensive plans in meeting the projected residential growth in the near future using the City of Arlington, Texas as a case study. The exploration provides examples and lessons for how ArcGIS Urban might be used by planners to accomplish their tasks and highlights the capabilities and limitations of ArcGIS Urban in its current stand. The paper is concluded with some suggestions for future studies.

scholarly journals Effects of sodium fluoride and Ocimum sanctum extract on the lifespan and climbing ability of Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Perveen ◽  
Shalu Kumari ◽  
Himali Raj ◽  
Shahla Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Activity Assay ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Assay ◽  
Climbing Ability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Abstract Background Fluoride may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis. It may also lead to neurobehavioural defects including neuromuscular damage. The present study aimed to explore the effects of sub lethal concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the lifespan and climbing ability of Drosophila melanogaster. In total, 0.6 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L of NaF were selected as sublethal concentrations of NaF for the study. Lifespan was measured and climbing activity assay was performed. Results The study showed significant decrease in lifespan of flies treated with fluoride. With increasing age, significant reduction in climbing activity was observed in flies treated with sodium fluoride as compared to normal (control) flies. Flies treated with tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and NaF showed increase in lifespan and climbing activity as compared to those treated with NaF only. Lipid peroxidation assay showed significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) values in the flies treated with NaF as compared to control. The MDA values decreased significantly in flies treated with tulsi mixed with NaF. Conclusions The results indicate that exposure to sub lethal concentration of NaF may cause oxidative stress and affect the lifespan and climbing activity of D. melanogaster. Tulsi extract may help in reducing the impact of oxidative stress and toxicity caused by NaF.

scholarly journals The Cardiometabolic Health Benefits of Sauna Exposure in Individuals with High-Stress Occupations. A Mechanistic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Kaemmer N. Henderson ◽  
Lauren G. Killen ◽  
Eric K. O’Neal ◽  
Hunter S. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
High Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Sauna Bathing

Components of the metabolic syndrome (i.e., hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis) are a leading cause of death in the United States and result in low-grade chronic inflammation, excessive oxidative stress, and the eventual development of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). High-stress occupations (HSO: firefighters, police, military personnel, first responders, etc.) increase the risk of developing CMD because they expose individuals to chronic and multiple stressors (i.e., sleep deprivation, poor nutrition habits, lack of physical activity, psychological stress). Interestingly, heat exposure and, more specifically, sauna bathing have been shown to improve multiple markers of CMD, potentially acting as hormetic stressors, at the cellular level and in the whole organism. Therefore, sauna bathing might be a practical and alternative intervention for disease prevention for individuals with HSO. The purpose of this review is to detail the mechanisms and pathways involved in the response to both acute and chronic sauna bathing and collectively present sauna bathing as a potential treatment, in addition to current standard of care, for mitigating CMD to both clinicians and individuals serving in HSO.

scholarly journals 652. Comparison of fosfomycin (FOF) activity and prevalence of subpopulations between Escherichia coli (EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) during susceptibility testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S384-S384
Author(s):  
Jadyn C Anderson ◽  
Amanda R Krueger ◽  
Elizabeth C Smith ◽  
Morgan L Bixby ◽  
Hunter V Brigman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Review Panel ◽  
Agreement Rate ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Agar Dilution

Abstract Background In the United States, interpretive criteria for FOF are established only for EC, yet those criteria are often extrapolated to KP. Recent studies have highlighted both inferior clinical outcomes after FOF treatment and difficulties in interpretation of inner colony subpopulations, the presence of which may affect clinical efficacy. We sought to compare FOF activity against EC and KP and to determine the prevalence of inner colony subpopulations following disk diffusion (DD) testing of the two species. Methods A convenience collection of 73 KP and 42 EC isolates from 3 U.S. institutions were included. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing was performed in duplicate on separate days using agar dilution (AD) and DD as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, with application of EC susceptibility (≤ 64mg/L) breakpoints. The frequency and counts of inner colonies observed during DD testing was calculated, and colonies were subcultured for use in future studies. Results MIC50/90 values were 1/16 mg/L and 32/256 mg/L for EC and KP respectively. All EC isolates were considered susceptible and therefore categorical agreement was 100%. The majority of KP isolates were considered susceptible (83.6% with AD and 86.3% with DD) and categorical agreement between the methods was 84.9%. Inner colonies were observed during DD testing in 88.1% of EC isolates and 80.8% of KP isolates during at least one replicate, with 47.6% of EC isolates and 39.7% of KP isolates showing inner colony growth during both DD test replicates. More than 10 inner colonies were observed in 50% of EC isolates compared to 12.3% of KP isolates. Conclusion KP isolates demonstrated considerably higher FOF MIC values compared to EC, as evidenced by MIC50/90 values 4-5 dilutions higher than those for EC. The categorical agreement rate was higher among EC than KP, highlighting concerns regarding the practice of extrapolating FOF susceptibility breakpoints for EC to KP. The high frequency of inner colonies observed in DD for both species necessitates further studies to determine best practices for interpreting their relevance, fitness, and resistance in order to identify potential impacts to clinical efficacy of FOF. Disclosures Elizabeth B. Hirsch, PharmD, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Nabriva Therapeutics (Advisor or Review Panel member)

scholarly journals #GERIATRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE GERIATRICS TWITTER NETWORK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S337-S337
Author(s):  
Varun Ayyaswami ◽  
Arpan Prabhu ◽  
Steven Gambert
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Social Media Analytics ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Digital Community ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Twitter connects an international community of healthcare stakeholders, potentially augmenting access to information related to geriatric medicine. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geriatric medicine Twitter network, and we hypothesize this community has substantially grown in the last six years. We analyzed all publicly available tweets including the hashtag #geriatrics from January 1, 2013-January 1, 2019 using Symplur Signals, a health care social media analytics platform. We evaluated #geriatrics metrics over time related to activity, content analysis, user characteristics, engagement, and network analysis. A total of 159,008 tweets (containing 42.8% re-tweets) with the hashtag #geriatrics were written by 29,443 users, resulting in 393.6 million impressions. The number of tweets increased from 9,705 in 2013 to 39,151 in 2018 (32.2% compound annual growth); users increased from 3,366 in 2013 to 29,443 in 2018 (55.3% compound annual growth). Users were primarily found in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. The most commonly trending topic from 2013-2015 and from 2016-2018 was ‘older adults’. The top hashtags included in tweets with #geriatrics were #job, #aging, and #hpm (hospice and palliative medicine). Network analysis showed central hubs to be medical journals, provider organizations, individual physicians, and individual advocates. The top 150 influencers consisted primarily of physicians (49.1%), advocate/support organizations (13.8%), and media organizations (6.3%). The use of Twitter to promote geriatric medicine using #geriatrics has matured into an international digital community of interest. Future studies should examine hashtags related to age prevalent illnesses and hashtags likely to be used by patients.

Abstract TP175: Migraines and the Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Farooq ◽  
Kathie Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Get With The Guidelines ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sample Set

Background and Objectives: Migraine is a common neurological disorder affecting 38 million people in the United States. Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for 13% of all stroke cases and the risk of having a hemorrhagic stroke is 94 in 100,000 or 0.94%. There are two types of hemorrhagic stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous research has investigated the association between migraine and vascular disease, with several studies demonstrating a possible link between migraines and ischemic stroke. The relationship between migraine and hemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. Methods: A retrospective review from January 2012-December 2014 of hemorrhagic stroke patients (n=3682) from 30 Michigan hospitals using a Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) database was conducted. Stroke subtypes and patient medical histories were examined. This sample set was comprised of 46.95% males and 53.05% females. Results: It was found that the risk for hemorrhagic stroke increased from 0.94% to 2.12% with a medical history of migraines. The risk of ICH with a history of migraine in this study was 1.41%, while the risk of SAH with a history of migraine was 3.11%. The median age for a hemorrhagic stroke in this sample set was 67 years. A patient with a medical history that included migraines, had a median hemorrhagic stroke age of 55 years. Of these patients with a history of migraine who developed a hemorrhagic stroke, 74.7% were female and 25.3% were male. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke is associated with a history of migraines. The median age for an individual with a hemorrhagic stroke and history of migraine was significantly lower (12 years) than the median age of the sample, which indicates that migraines as a risk factor for stroke might be more significant in middle age. Additionally, this risk seemed to impact females much more than males. A limitation of this study is that GWTG Stroke does not include whether the patient has a migraine with or without aura. Migraine with aura has been associated at a higher rate with ischemic stroke than migraine without aura. It would be beneficial for future studies regarding migraine and hemorrhagic stroke to include whether the migraine was associated with or without aura.

Differences in Reading Motivation Between American and Japanese Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 1086296X2110304
Author(s):  
Hitomi Kambara ◽  
Yu-Cheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reading Motivation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
American Students ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
And Gender

This cross-cultural study investigated country and gender differences among American (U.S.A.) and Japanese students’ reading motivation. Fourth-grade students (94 from the United States and 102 from Japan) were administered a reading motivation questionnaire. Study results indicated American students had higher reading motivation than Japanese students on most dimensions, including Self-Efficacy, Challenges, Curiosity, Importance, Involvement, Recognition, Grades, Competition, and Social. We found that culture may impact students’ reading motivation and discuss how individualistic and collectivistic cultures influence students’ reading motivation. Contrasting with the existing research, this study did not show any significant gender differences in reading motivation across the two countries. The null effect of gender needs to be re-examined in future studies.

scholarly journals Roundup®, but Not Roundup-Ready® Corn, Increases Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster

Toxics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Becky Talyn ◽  
Rachael Lemon ◽  
Maryam Badoella ◽  
Darwin Melchiorre ◽  
Maryori Villalobos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Foods ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
The Many

Genetically modified foods have become pervasive in diets of people living in the US. By far the most common genetically modified foods either tolerate herbicide application (HT) or produce endogenous insecticide (Bt). To determine whether these toxicological effects result from genetic modification per se, or from the increase in herbicide or insecticide residues present on the food, we exposed fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to food containing HT corn that had been sprayed with the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup®, HT corn that had not been sprayed with Roundup®, or Roundup® in a variety of known glyphosate concentrations and formulations. While neither lifespan nor reproductive behaviors were affected by HT corn, addition of Roundup® increased mortality with an LC50 of 7.1 g/L for males and 11.4 g/L for females after 2 days of exposure. Given the many genetic tools available, Drosophila are an excellent model system for future studies about genetic and biochemical mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity.

Can Indirect Herbicide Exposure Modify the Response of the Colorado Potato Beetle to an Organophosphate Insecticide?

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2316-2323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigi Margus ◽  
Miia Rainio ◽  
Leena Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Lipid Hydroperoxides ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Potato Beetle

AbstractOrganisms live in complex multivariate environments. In agroecosystems, this complexity is often human-induced as pest individuals can be exposed to many xenobiotics simultaneously. Predicting the effects of multiple stressors can be problematic, as two or more stressors can have interactive effects. Our objective was to investigate whether indirect glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure of the host plant has interactive effects in combination with an insecticide (azinphos-methyl) on an invasive pest Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). We tested the effects of GBH and insecticide on the survival, insecticide target genes expression (acetylcholinesterase genes) and oxidative status biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase [GST], glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH], glutathione reductase homolog [GR], glutathione peroxidase homolog [GPx], total glutathione [totGSH], glutathione reduced-oxidized [GSH: GSSG], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid hydroperoxides). We found that exposure to indirect GBH has no single or interactive effects in combination with the insecticide on larval survival. However, prior exposure to GBH inhibits Ldace1 gene expression by 0.55-fold, which is the target site for the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. This difference disappears when individuals are exposed to both GBH and insecticide, suggesting an antagonistic effect. On the other hand, oxidative status biomarker scores (PCAs of GPx, GR, and CAT) were decreased when exposed to both stressors, indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, we found that indirect GBH exposure can have both antagonistic and synergistic effects in combination with an insecticide, which should be considered when aiming for an ecologically relevant risk assessment of multiple human-induced stressors.

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