scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster Responses against Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Focus on Hemolymph Clots

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Dziedziech ◽  
Sai Shivankar ◽  
Ulrich Theopold
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Two Phases

Several insect innate immune mechanisms are activated in response to infection by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). In this review, we focus on the coagulation of hemolymph, which acts to stop bleeding after injury and prevent access of pathogens to the body cavity. After providing a general overview of invertebrate coagulation systems, we discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster which demonstrate that clots protect against EPN infections. Detailed analysis at the cellular level provided insight into the kinetics of the secretion of Drosophila coagulation factors, including non-classical modes of secretion. Roughly, clot formation can be divided into a primary phase in which crosslinking of clot components depends on the activity of Drosophila transglutaminase and a secondary, phenoloxidase (PO)-dependent phase, characterized by further hardening and melanization of the clot matrix. These two phases appear to play distinct roles in two commonly used EPN infection models, namely Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. Finally, we discuss the implications of the coevolution between parasites such as EPNs and their hosts for the dynamics of coagulation factor evolution.

scholarly journals MUTANT GENES REGULATING THE INDUCIBILITY OF KYNURENINE SYNTHESIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Rizki
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
S Allele

Alterations in the cellular synthesis of kynurenine in the larval fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster may be obtained by feeding the precursor tryptophan or by changing the genotype. In the wild type Ore-R strain, autofluorescent kynurenine globules normally occur in the cells in the anterior regions of the fatbody designated as regions 1, 2, and 3. When tryptophan is included in the larval diet, kynurenine will develop throughout the entire fatbody, thus extending to the cells in regions 4, 5, and 6. In the fatbodies of both the sepia mutant strain and the mutant combinations of the suppressible vermilion alleles with the suppressor gene (su2-s, v1 and su2-s, v2), kynurenine is found in the cells from region 1 through region 4. This involvement of additional cells in the synthesis of kynurenine occurs under the usual culture conditions for Drosophila. When sepia larvae are fed tryptophan, kynurenine appears in all of the cells of the fatbody. However, dietary tryptophan does not induce kynurenine production in cells in regions 5 and 6 in the mutant combination su2-s, v1 or su2-s, v2. In the latter strains, an increase in the quantity of kynurenine in the fatbody is detected, but this increase remains limited to the same cells in which kynurenine production is found under normal feeding conditions. When the v36f allele is combined with the su2-s allele, an extremely faint autofluorescence characteristic of kynurenine is found in some of the anteriormost fat cells of regions 1 and 2. This autofluorescence becomes intensified when tryptophan is fed to su2-s, v36f larvae. The genetic control of kynurenine synthesis in the cells of the fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster has been previously demonstrated. The present observations establish genetic regulation of the ability to induce kynurenine production within a cell through the administration of the inducer tryptophan. Kynurenine production has been considered as a unit function of the cell as a whole rather than of the enzyme alone, and it has been concluded that even though cells in different parts of the body perform this same function (kynurenine production), the gene loci regulating this function may be different for cells in different regions of the body. A phenomenon of overlapping domains of gene actions at the cellular level offers a genetic and cellular basis for developmental and physiological homeostasis.

Conditions Affecting the Responses of Human Platelets to Epinephrine

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (02) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Lalau Keraly ◽  
Raelene L Kinlough-Rathbone ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
Hidenori Suzuki ◽  
J Fraser Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Acid Citrate Dextrose ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Citrate Dextrose ◽  
Thromboxane Formation

SummaryConditions affecting the responses of human platelets to epinephrine were examined. In platelet-rich plasma prepared from blood anticoagulated with hirudin or PPACK (D-pheny- lalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone), epinephrine did not cause shape change or aggregation. In a Tyrode-albumin- apyrase solution containing a concentration of Ca2+ in the physiological range, and fibrinogen, epinephrine in concentrations as high as 40 μM did not induce platelet shape change, caused either no primary aggregation or very slight primary aggregation, and did not induce thromboxane formation, release of dense granule contents, or secondary aggregation. In contrast, in citrated platelet-rich plasma, epinephrine induced two phases of aggregation. This is not attributable to the generation of traces of thrombin since the same effects were evident when blood was taken into a combined citrate-hirudin anticoagulant or a combined citrate-PPACK anticoagulant. In a modified Tyrode-albu- min-apyrase solution containing approximately 20 μM Ca2+, 1 mM Mg2+, and fibrinogen, epinephrine induced extensive aggregation after a lag phase, but no primary phase was evident; thromboxane formation and release of dense granule contents accompanied the aggregation response. These responses were also observed when PPACK was included with the acid-citrate- dextrose anticoagulant, and in the washing and resuspending fluids. In the presence of aspirin or the thromboxane receptor blocker BM 13.177 a few small aggregates were detected by particle counting and by scanning electron microscopy; with the latter inhibitor, the platelets in the aggregates retained their disc shape; secondary aggregation and the responses associated with it did not occur. Thus thromboxane A2 formation is not necessary for the formation of these small aggregates, but is required for extensive aggregation and release. As with other weak agonists, the close platelet-to-platelet contact in the low Ca2+ medium appears to be necessary for full secondary aggregation. Omission of fibrinogen from the low Ca2+ medium prevented both primary and secondary aggregation in response to epinephrine. An antibody (10E5) to the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa complex was completely inhibitory in the presence of fibrinogen. Thus the response of human platelets to epinephrine is influenced by the concentration of Ca2+ and the presence of fibrinogen in the medium in which they are suspended.

scholarly journals Characterization and visualization of murine coagulation factor VIII-producing cells in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morisada Hayakawa ◽  
Asuka Sakata ◽  
Hiroko Hayakawa ◽  
Hikari Matsumoto ◽  
Takafumi Hiramoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Coagulation Factor Viii ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mice

AbstractCoagulation factors are produced from hepatocytes, whereas production of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) from primary tissues and cell species is still controversial. Here, we tried to characterize primary FVIII-producing organ and cell species using genetically engineered mice, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was expressed instead of the F8 gene. EGFP-positive FVIII-producing cells existed only in thin sinusoidal layer of the liver and characterized as CD31high, CD146high, and lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (Lyve1)+. EGFP-positive cells can be clearly distinguished from lymphatic endothelial cells in the expression profile of the podoplanin− and C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2)+. In embryogenesis, EGFP-positive cells began to emerge at E14.5 and subsequently increased according to liver maturation. Furthermore, plasma FVIII could be abolished by crossing F8 conditional deficient mice with Lyve1-Cre mice. In conclusion, in mice, FVIII is only produced from endothelial cells exhibiting CD31high, CD146high, Lyve1+, CLEC-2+, and podoplanin− in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.

EXPRESSION IN ONTOGENESIS OF HUMAN BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Hassan ◽  
A Leonardi ◽  
C Chelucci ◽  
R Guerriero ◽  
P M Mannucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Blood Coagulation Factors ◽  
Guanidine Isothiocyanate

We have analyzed the expression of several blood coagulation factors (IX, VIII, X, fibrinogen chains) and inhibitors (antithrombin III, protein C) in human embryonic and fetal livers, obtained from legal abortions at 6-11 week post-conception. The age was established by morphologic staging and particularly crown-rump lenght measurement.Total cellular RNA was isolated from partially purified hepatocytes or total liver homogenate using the guanidine isothiocyanate method. Poly(A)+ RNA was selected by oligodT cellulose chromatography. The size and the number of the embryonic and fetal transcripts are equivalent to those observed in adult liver, as evaluated by Northern blot analysis of total or poly(A)+ RNA hybridized to human cDNA probes.The level of coagulation factor transcripts in embryonic and fetal liver was evaluated by dot hybridization of total RNA (0.5-10 ug), as compared to RNA extracted from normal adult liver biopsies. The expression of blood coagulation factors in embryos is generally reduced for all factors, but at a different degree. In 5-11 wk liver, the level of factor IX is 5-10% of that observed in adults, while fibrinogen, protein C, antithrombin III RNA level rises from 25 to 50% and factor X is expressed at a level comparable to that observed in adult liver.We conclude that during these stages of development blood coagulation factors are expressed according to three different time, curves, possibly due to the effect of different types of regulatory mechanisms.

Myiasis in Bufo regularis caused by a Tabanid Larva

Parasitology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
Edward Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Cylindrical Structure ◽  
The Right

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.

ENCAPSULATION OF RHABDITOID NEMATODES IN MOSQUITOES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Bronskill
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Blood Sinus

In third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), juveniles of the rhabditoid, DD136, penetrate the blood sinus and cardial epithelium of the proventriculus to enter the body cavity of the host, where they complete their development. By 5 hours, a thick capsule developed about many of the ensheathed immature adults of DD136 within the body cavity of A. aegypti larvae. This rapid defence reaction of the mosquito to DD136, which has both a melanin and a cellular manifestation, occurs both in the exotic mosquito A. aegypti and in the two endemic species tested, Aedes stimulans (Walker) and Aedes trichurus (Dyar). The resistance of A. stimulans to an endemic rhabditoid, possibly of the Diplogasteridae, is also similar. The histological structure of the capsule is not affected during metamorphosis in A. aegypti; however, during histogenesis of adult tissue displacement and (or) distortion of some tissues and organs may be caused by the presence of the capsule within the host's body cavity. The activity of the adult A. aegypti is normal when this distortion or displacement is minor. Though usually encapsulated DD136 are retained within the body cavity of A. aegypti during metamorphosis, sometimes they are partially or completely expelled from the host's body cavity at the time of molting.

Studies on Tapeworm Physiology

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
By Products ◽  
Histochemical Examination

1. Plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Ligula intestinalis from the body cavity of roach, were cultured in vitro at 40°C. in a variety of saline and nutrient media. About 65% of such cultures were aseptic. 2. During cultivation, larvae produced acid by-products (unidentified) and the pH fell rapidly. 3. The presence of these acid by-products slowed down development, or, if present in sufficient quantity, caused death. 4. In order to obtain development in nutrient media in a period (3 days) comparable to that required in a bird (the normal host) it was necessary to renew the medium 24-hourly. 5. 6% of the eggs produced from a worm cultured in horse serum were fertile. Fertile eggs were never obtained from larvae cultured in any other media. 6. Certain bacterial infections had no apparent detrimental effect on development, but others were toxic. 7. Some larvae underwent development in non-nutrient medium (¾ strength Locke's solution). The exact conditions under which this occurred was not determined. 8. Fragments (3 cm. long), of larvae or larvae with either scolex or posterior half removed, underwent development to the stage of oviposition in nutrient media. 9. Histochemical examination revealed that the plerocercoid larvae were almost fat-free. During cultivation, very large quantities of cytoplasmic fat were produced the quantity being proportional to the duration of cultivation. Fat was produced even under starvation conditions (i.e. during cultivation in saline) and can be considered a metabolic by-product. 10. The fresh plerocercoid contained great quantities of glycogen in the parenchyma and muscle regions. After cultivation in nutrient or saline media, considerable quantities were still present.

Kinematics of rotation in place during defense turning in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Copp ◽  
M. Jamon
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Variation ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Leg Motion ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Final Orientation

The kinematic patterns of defense turning behavior in freely behaving specimens of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii were investigated with the aid of a video-analysis system. Movements of the body and all pereiopods, except the chelipeds, were analyzed. Because this behavior approximates to a rotation in place, this analysis extends previous studies on straight and curve walking in crustaceans. Specimens of P. clarkii responded to a tactile stimulus on a walking leg by turning accurately to face the source of the stimulation. Angular velocity profiles of the movement of the animal's carapace suggest that defense turn responses are executed in two phases: an initial stereotyped phase, in which the body twists on its legs and undergoes a rapid angular acceleration, followed by a more erratic phase of generally decreasing angular velocity that leads to the final orientation. Comparisons of contralateral members of each pair of legs reveal that defense turns are affected by changes in step geometry, rather than by changes in the timing parameters of leg motion, although inner legs 3 and 4 tend to take more steps than their outer counterparts during the course of a response. During the initial phase, outer legs 3 and 4 exhibit larger stance amplitudes than their inner partners, and all the outer legs produce larger stance amplitudes than their inner counterparts during the second stage of the response. Also, the net vectors of the initial stances, particularly, are angled with respect to the body, with the power strokes of the inner legs produced during promotion and those of the outer legs produced during remotion. Unlike straight and curve walking in the crayfish, there is no discernible pattern of contralateral leg coordination during defense turns. Similarities and differences between defense turns and curve walking are discussed. It is apparent that rotation in place, as in defense turns, is not a simple variation on straight or curve walking but a distinct locomotor pattern.

scholarly journals The occurrence of Contracaecum sp. larvae (Nematoda : Anisakidae) in the catfishClarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Males And Females

Clarias gariepinus were collected from Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe, and examined for nematode parasites from November 2000 to May 2002. Of the 202 specimens collected, 42.6 % were infected with third-stage larvae of Contracaecum sp. in the body cavity. The intensity of the infection was 1-7 worms per fish (mean intensity = 2.2). Seasonal variation in the prevalence of the parasite was not obvious and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection between males and females (c2 = 2.228; P > 0.05). No significant relationship between host size and prevalence was established. There was also no significant relationship between intensity and the body condition factor (r = 0.11; P > 0.05). The low parasite prevalence may have been caused by the disruption of the infection cycle since piscivorous birds, which are the final hosts of the parasite, do not feed on C. gariepinus in Lake Chivero.

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