scholarly journals Toward the Integration of an Attract-and-Kill Approach with Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Multiple Life Stages of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime C. Piñero ◽  
David Shapiro-Ilan ◽  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
Arthur F. Tuttle ◽  
Alan Eaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tree Approach ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

Efforts to reduce insecticide inputs against plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, a key pest of apples in eastern North America, include perimeter-row insecticide sprays applied after the whole-orchard petal fall spray to manage dispersing adults and, more recently, insecticide sprays confined to odor-baited trap trees. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are virulent to ground-dwelling stages of C. nenuphar, and may be applied to the ground underneath trap-tree canopies. Here, we (1) compared the efficacy of the odor-baited trap tree approach with grower-prescribed (=grower standard) sprays to manage C. nenuphar populations over a six-year period in seven commercial apple orchards in New England; and (2) assessed the performance of the EPN Steinernema riobrave at suppressing ground-dwelling stages of C. nenuphar. In addition, the performance of S. riobrave was compared against that of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae in one year. Across the six years, percent fruit injury on trap tree plots averaged 11.3% on odor-baited trap trees and 1.4% on unbaited trees in grower standard plots, highlighting the ability of trap trees to aggregate C. nenuphar activity and subsequent injury. Mean percentage injury on fruit sampled from interior trees, the strongest measure of treatment performance, in trap tree plots did not differ significantly from that recorded on interior trees in grower standard spray plots (0.95 vs. 0.68%, respectively). Steinernema riobrave consistently reduced C. nenuphar populations as indicated by the significantly lower number of adult C. nenuphar that emerged from the soil, when compared to water control. Steinernema carpocapsae and S. riobrave performed similarly well, and both EPN species outperformed S. feltiae. Our combined findings indicate that an IPM approach that targets multiple life stages of C. nenuphar has the potential to manage this pest more sustainably in a reduced-spray environment.

scholarly journals Measure of agreement between experts on apple damage assessment

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vincent ◽  
J. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Average Measure

Although damage evaluation is an important and frequent exercise in economic entomology, there are no quantitative studies on inter-rater agreement of experts. In this experiment conducted during the 50th New York, New England and Canadian Pest Management Conference, four teams of experts independently estimated the damage on 200 apples at harvest. The participants identified 22 types of damage caused by insects, 8 by diseases, and 8 related to other causes. For each type of damage an average measure of agreement was calculated. The lowest average agreements were found in plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) [Coleoptera : Curculionidae] damage (71.8%), tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) [Hemiptera : Miridae] damage (83.2%), and by early lepidoptera damage (87.1%). The usefulness of inter-rater agreement experiments is discussed in the context of many situations pertaining to crop protection.

Reproductive Development of Female Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Mid-Atlantic: Presence of Multivoltine Populations

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy C. Leskey
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Second Period

The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a key pest of pome and stone fruit throughout eastern and central North America. There are two strains of plum curculio, the univoltine ‘northern’ strain and the multivoltine ‘southern’ strain. Voltinism associated with populations located in the mid-Atlantic region has been unclear from historic records, with recent studies suggesting multivoltine populations. In studies conducted in West Virginia, female plum curculios obtained from emergence and screen traps and from samples of host tree canopies strongly indicate the presence of at least some multivoltine populations, based on an ovarian development bioassay. Two periods of active oogenesis were detected. The first occurred in early spring between late April and early May and represented overwintered females reaching sexual maturity. A second period of oogenesis was detected beginning in late June and continuing through early August. Based on degree day accumulations and known developmental rates of plum curculio, the mid-Atlantic is comprised, at least in part, of multivoltine populations. Fruit growers, therefore, must consider that plum curculio can pose a threat to tree fruit throughout the active growing season.

Using entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar: Effects of irrigation and species in apple orchards

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Shapiro-Ilan ◽  
Starker E. Wright ◽  
Arthur F. Tuttle ◽  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
Tracy C. Leskey
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Plum Curculio

Comparison of Traps for Monitoring Plum Curculio Adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apple Orchards

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Bradley W. Chandler ◽  
Tracy C. Leskey ◽  
Starker E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Host Volatiles ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Plastic Cylinder ◽  
Black Plastic

Effectiveness of four types of odor-baited or unbaited traps for monitoring overwintered adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), on perimeter apple trees in Massachusetts orchards was compared. Black wooden pyramid traps placed on the ground next to apple tree trunks captured more adults than black plastic cylinder traps placed vertically on limbs within apple tree canopies, squares of clear Plexiglas placed vertically next to apple tree canopies to intercept incoming adults on the sticky-coated outward-facing surface, or “Circle” traps comprised of aluminum screen and fastened to limbs within apple tree canopies (which captured no adults). In no comparison did any of these traps baited with a combination of synthetic aggregation pheromone (grandisoic acid) and synthetic host volatiles (limonene and ethyl isovalerate) capture more adults than unbaited traps. None of the three types of baited or unbaited traps evaluated in commercial orchards (pyramid, cylinder or Circle) yielded captures of adults whose amounts or phenologies reflected amounts or phenologies of ovipositional injuries to fruit caused by plum curculio, although in unmanaged orchards amounts of capture by baited and unbaited pyramid and clear Plexiglas traps did reflect amounts of fruit injury. The only situation where odor bait enhanced trap effectiveness involved clear Plexiglas traps placed next to woods nearby an unmanaged orchard, where baited traps facing woods caught about 10× more immigrating overwintered adults than did unbaited traps. We conclude that odor-baited clear Plexiglas traps placed near woods can be useful for monitoring the beginning, peak and ending of overwintering adult immigration, but a more attractive blend of odor components is needed for effective monitoring by traps of any type placed near, beneath or within canopies of apple trees.

scholarly journals Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Management of Plum Curculio in Highbush Blueberry

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Sousa ◽  
Cesar Rodriguez-Saona ◽  
Robert Holdcraft ◽  
Vera Kyryczenko-Roth ◽  
Albrecht M. Koppenhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Highbush Blueberries

Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of stone and pome fruits in the United States. Application of certain entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species has shown efficacy in some crops when targeting the larval stage of C. nenuphar in soil. To date, however, no EPNs have been tested for the control of this pest in highbush blueberries. In 2020, laboratory and field studies were conducted to: (1) determine the persistence of Steinernema riobrave, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in acidic blueberry soil; (2) compare the virulence of these EPNs to C. nenuphar larvae and pupae; and (3) compare the efficacy of these EPN species to control this pest in blueberry fields. The greatest persistence in blueberry soil was exhibited by S. riobrave followed by S. carpocapsae. Superior virulence was observed in S. riobrave against C. nenuphar larvae and pupae. Promising levels of virulence were also observed in S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae against the larvae, but S. scarabaei had low virulence. In the field, S. riobrave provided significantly higher levels of C. nenuphar suppression (90%) than the other EPNs. The field efficacy of S. riobrave against C. nenuphar at low and high rates was confirmed in 2021. Steinernema riobrave has the potential to become an important component in the management of C. nenuphar in highbush blueberry.

scholarly journals A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Management of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P Lampasona ◽  
Cesar Rodriguez-Saona ◽  
Tracy C Leskey ◽  
Anne L Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Fruit Abortion ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
And Control

Abstract The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an insect native to the Americas that is a serious pest of stone and pome fruits in the United States and Canada. Failure to effectively manage this insect may result in up to 85% damaged fruit at harvest, as well as early season fruit abortion. Conotrachelus nenuphar is oligophagous, feeding and ovipositing on many Rosaceous plants, including apple, peach, plum, cherry, quince, and pear. Additionally, C. nenuphar in limited geographic ranges utilizes alternate hosts such as highbush blueberry (Ericaceae) and Muscadine grape (Vitaceae). Despite its long history as a pest, integrated pest management (IPM) lags behind similarly damaging native fruit pests. Although significant progress has been made on the identification of attractive lures for monitoring C. nenuphar adults, development of behaviorally based management strategies, and biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes, growers continue to rely heavily on top-down chemical inputs to manage this pest. Most of the research to date comes from studies done in apples where alternative management practices for C. nenuphar have, to some extent, been adopted; however, less IPM-based information is available for other susceptible crops. In this review, we summarize the history, biology, ecology, behavior, and control of C. nenuphar and future directions for IPM research.

scholarly journals Concurrent Infection of Skunk Adenovirus-1, Listeria monocytogenes, and a Regionally Specific Clade of Canine Distemper Virus in One Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and Concurrent Listeriosis and Canine Distemper in a Second Gray Fox

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
David B. Needle ◽  
Jacqueline L. Marr ◽  
Cooper J. Park ◽  
Cheryl P. Andam ◽  
Annabel G. Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
New England ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Urocyon Cinereoargenteus ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Gray Fox ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
One Year ◽  
Free Ranging

One free-ranging Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) underwent autopsy following neurologic disease, with findings including morbilliviral inclusions and associated lesions in numerous tissues, adenoviral intranuclear inclusions in bronchial epithelial cells, and septic pleuropneumonia, hepatitis, splenitis, and meningoencephalitis. Molecular diagnostics on fresh lung identified a strain within a distinct clade of canine distemper that is currently unique to wildlife in New England, as well as the emerging multi-host viral pathogen skunk adenovirus-1. Bacterial culture of fresh liver resulted in a pure growth of Listeria monocytogenes, with whole genome sequencing indicating that the isolate had a vast array of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes. One year later, a second fox was euthanized for inappropriate behavior in a residential area, and diagnostic workup revealed canine distemper and septic L. monocytogenes, with the former closely related to the distemper virus found in the previous fox and the latter divergent from the L. monocytogenes from the previous fox.

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