scholarly journals Wolbachia-Mitochondrial DNA Associations in Transitional Populations of Rhagoletis cerasi

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Vid Bakovic ◽  
Martin Schebeck ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
Hannes Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotypes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

The endosymbiont Wolbachia can manipulate arthropod host reproduction by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which results in embryonic mortality when infected males mate with uninfected females. A CI-driven invasion of Wolbachia can result in a selective sweep of associated mitochondrial haplotype. The co-inheritance of Wolbachia and host mitochondrial DNA can therefore provide significant information on the dynamics of an ongoing Wolbachia invasion. Therefore, transition zones (i.e., regions where a Wolbachia strain is currently spreading from infected to uninfected populations) represent an ideal area to investigate the relationship between Wolbachia and host mitochondrial haplotype. Here, we studied Wolbachia-mitochondrial haplotype associations in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, in two transition zones in the Czech Republic and Hungary, where the CI-inducing strain wCer2 is currently spreading. The wCer2-infection status of 881 individuals was compared with the two known R. cerasi mitochondrial haplotypes, HT1 and HT2. In accordance with previous studies, wCer2-uninfected individuals were associated with HT1, and wCer2-infected individuals were mainly associated with HT2. We found misassociations only within the transition zones, where HT2 flies were wCer2-uninfected, suggesting the occurrence of imperfect maternal transmission. We did not find any HT1 flies that were wCer2-infected, suggesting that Wolbachia was not acquired horizontally. Our study provides new insights into the dynamics of the early phase of a Wolbachia invasion.

scholarly journals Dynamics of an Ongoing Wolbachia Spread in the European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schebeck ◽  
Lukas Feldkirchner ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
Hannes Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
New Host ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

Numerous terrestrial arthropods are infected with the alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia. This endosymbiont is usually transmitted vertically from infected females to their offspring and can alter the reproduction of hosts through various manipulations, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), enhancing its spread in new host populations. Studies on the spatial and temporal dynamics of Wolbachia under natural conditions are scarce. Here, we analyzed Wolbachia infection frequencies in populations of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.), in central Germany—an area of an ongoing spread of the CI-inducing strain wCer2. In total, 295 individuals from 19 populations were PCR-screened for the presence of wCer2 and their mitochondrial haplotype. Results were compared with historic data to understand the infection dynamics of the ongoing wCer2 invasion. An overall wCer2 infection frequency of about 30% was found, ranging from 0% to 100% per population. In contrast to an expected smooth transition from wCer2-infected to completely wCer2-uninfected populations, a relatively scattered infection pattern across geography was observed. Moreover, a strong Wolbachia-haplotype association was detected, with only a few rare misassociations. Our results show a complex dynamic of an ongoing Wolbachia spread in natural field populations of R. cerasi.

scholarly journals Spatial spread of Wolbachia in Rhagoletis cerasi populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 20180161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vid Bakovic ◽  
Martin Schebeck ◽  
Arndt Telschow ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
Hannes Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia has been used to control insect pests owing to its ability to manipulate their life history and suppress infectious diseases. Therefore, knowledge on Wolbachia dynamics in natural populations is fundamental. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi , is infected with the Wolbachia strain w Cer2, mainly present in southern and central European populations, and is currently spreading into w Cer2-uninfected populations driven by high unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility. Here, we describe the distribution of w Cer2 along two transition zones where the infection is spreading into w Cer2-uninfected R. cerasi populations. Fine-scale sampling of 19 populations in the Czech Republic showed a smooth decrease of w Cer2 frequency from south to north within a distance of less than 20 km. Sampling of 12 Hungarian populations, however, showed a sharp decline of w Cer2 infection frequency within a few kilometres. We fitted a standard wave equation to our empirical data and estimated a Wolbachia wave speed of 1.9 km yr −1 in the Czech Republic and 1.0 km yr −1 in Hungary. Considering the univoltine life cycle and limited dispersal ability of R. cerasi , our study highlights a rapid Wolbachia spread in natural host populations.

scholarly journals Subjective Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Information Search when Purchasing a Franchise: A Comparative Exploration from Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Peter Balsarini ◽  
Claire Lambert ◽  
Maria M. Ryan ◽  
Martin MacCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Relationship

Franchising has long been a method by which organizations seek to expand and facilitate local market development. However, franchising as a growth strategy can often be hampered by lack of suitable franchisees. To mitigate this shortage, some franchisors have engaged in recruiting franchisees internally from the ranks of their employees in addition to the traditional approach of recruiting franchisees externally. Predominantly franchisees are individuals rather than corporations and thus purchasing a franchise should most commonly be characterized as a consumer acquisition. To explore the relationship between subjective knowledge, perceived risk, and information search behaviors when purchasing a franchise qualitative interviews were conducted with franchisees from the restaurant industry. Half of these respondents were externally recruited having never worked for the franchisor and half were internally recruited having previously been employees of the franchisor. The external recruits expressed a strong desire to own their own business and engaged in extensive decision-making processes with significant information search when purchasing their franchises. Contrastingly, the internal recruits expressed a strong desire to be their own boss and engaged in limited, bordering on habitual decision-making processes with negligible information search when acquiring their franchises. The results reveal that differences in subjective knowledge and perceived risk appear to significantly impact the extent of information search between these two groups. A model of the relationship between subjective knowledge, perceived risk and information search in the purchasing of a franchise is developed that reconciles these findings. The findings also have practical implications for franchisors’ franchisee recruiting efforts which are integral to their capacity to develop local markets.

scholarly journals Postoperative Rise of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA Is Associated with Inflammatory Response in Patients following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Niv Pencovich ◽  
Nadav Nevo ◽  
Roi Weiser ◽  
Ekaterina Bonder ◽  
Yoel Bogoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Postoperative Fever ◽  
Postoperative Course ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
The Relationship

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Accumulation of plasma mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) following severe trauma has been shown to correlate with the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and may predict mortality. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between levels of circulatory mtDNA following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and the postoperative course. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Levels of plasma mtDNA were assessed by real-time PCR of the mitochondrial genes <i>ND1</i> and <i>COX3</i> in 23 consecutive patients who underwent PD 1 day prior to surgery, within 8 h after surgery, and on postoperative day (POD)1 and POD5. The abundance of mtDNA was assessed relative to preoperative levels and in relation to parameters reflecting the postoperative clinical course. <b><i>Results:</i></b> When pooled for all patients, the circulating mtDNA levels were significantly increased after surgery. However, while a significant (at least &#x3e;2-fold and up to &#x3e;20-fold) rise was noted in 11 patients, no change in mtDNA levels was noted in the other 12 following surgery. Postoperative rise in circulating mtDNA was associated with an increased rate of postoperative fever until day 5, decreased hemoglobin and albumin levels, and increased white blood cell counts. These patients also suffered from increased rates of delayed gastric emptying. No significant differences were demonstrated in other postoperative parameters. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Circulating mtDNA surge is associated with an inflammatory response following PD and may potentially be used as an early marker for postoperative course. Studies of larger patient cohorts are warranted.

scholarly journals Reduced Variation in Drosophila simulans Mitochondrial DNA

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1519-1528
Author(s):  
J William O Ballad ◽  
Joy Hatzidakis ◽  
Timothy L Karr ◽  
Martin Kreitman
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Nucleotide Variability ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Mutation

We investigated the evolutionary dynamics of infection of a Drosophila simulans population by a maternally inherited insect bacterial parasite, Wolbachia, by analyzing nucleotide variability in three regions of the mitochondrial genome in four infected and 35 uninfected lines. Mitochondrial variability is significantly reduced compared to a noncoding region of a nuclear-encoded gene in both uninfected and pooled samples of flies, indicating a sweep of genetic variation. The selective sweep of mitochondrial DNA may have been generated by the fixation of an advantageous mitochondrial gene mutation in the mitochondrial genome. Alternatively, the dramatic reduction in mitochondrial diversity may be related to Wolbachia.

scholarly journals Assigning a Value to Volunteering in Requests for Proposals

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110095
Author(s):  
Jakub Dostál
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
A Value ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volunteer Time

The economic value of volunteering is an increasingly important part of volunteering management. It has become part of public policies. Some requests for proposals (RFP) enable nonprofits to include the value of volunteer time in compulsory co-financing. These RFP include the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants and Norway Grants. This article addresses the relationship in the value of volunteering, also called in-kind volunteering contributions. The research includes two case studies of finances from EEA and Norway Grants in the Czech Republic: the Czech NGO Programme, responsible for allocating grants between 2009 and 2014, and the Active Citizens Fund, responsible for allocating grants between 2014 and 2021. They share elements through the EEA and Norway Grants rules. However, they use different types of specialist replacement wages. The article summarizes the arguments for including in-kind volunteering contributions. It presents the possible values of these contributions in the selected cases, including the relationship between the type of volunteering and the number of hours necessary to achieve these values. The article defines the theoretical basis for calculating the value of in-kind volunteer contributions and illustrates this with real examples of allocations from EEA and Norway Grants.

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in a black fly, Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Zhu ◽  
K P Pruess ◽  
T O Powers
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Polymorphism ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Mitochondrial Heterogeneity

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from pooled field-collected samples representing six species of black flies (Cnephia dacotensis, Simulium bivittaum, S. johansenni, S. luggeri, S. piperi, S. vittatum) and compared by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Morphospecies were molecularly distinct, with few shared restriction fragments. Eleven populations of S. vittatum were found that appeared to be homogeneous for a single mitochondrial haplotype. Ten other populations of S. vittatum showed extensive mitochondrial heterogeneity. In part, these samples contained mixtures of two cytologically recognized siblings: IIIL-1 and IS-7. About 70% of the mitochondrial genome of a population pure for sibling IIIL-1 was cloned as five HindIII fragments, which were used as hybridization probes to examine individual black flies. Thirteen mtDNA haplotypes involving permutations of 10 HindIII restriction sites were identified in individual black flies examined from 26 populations. DNA from 168 larvae cut with both EcoR1 and HindIII revealed five additional haplotypes. One HindIII haplotype was present in 84% of 390 larvae examined and predominated in every population examined from New York to California and in both the IIIL-1 and IS-7 siblings. Nebraska populations had individuals with nearly all known haplotypes. The most common haplotype was usually the only form present in warm, silty streams with organic enrichment. Rarer haplotypes were found in cool, spring-fed streams but without clear geographic or phylogenetic components.

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