Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cellulitis and from Osteomyelitis in a Taiwan Hospital, 2016–2018

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes superficial infections such as cellulitis or invasive infections such as osteomyelitis; however, differences in MRSA isolates from cellulitis (CL-MRSA) and from osteomyelitis (OM-MRSA) at the same local area remain largely unknown. A total of 221 MRSA isolates including 106 CL-MRSA strains and 115 OM-MRSA strains were collected at Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan between 2016 and 2018, and their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics were compared. We found that OM-MRSA isolates significantly exhibited higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics than CL-MRSA isolates. Genotypically, OM-MRSA isolates had higher proportions of the SCCmec type III, the sequence type ST239, and the spa type t037 than CL-MRSA isolates. Besides the multidrug-resistant lineage ST239-t037-SCCmecIII more prevalent in OM-MRSA, higher antibiotic resistance rates were also observed in several other prevalent lineages in OM-MRSA as compared to the same lineages in CL-MRSA. Furthermore, when prosthetic joint infection (PJI) associated and non-PJI-associated MRSA strains in osteomyelitis were compared, no significant differences were observed in antibiotic resistance rates between the two groups, albeit more diverse genotypes were found in non-PJI-associated MRSA. Our findings therefore suggest that deep infections may allow MRSA to evade antibiotic attack and facilitate the convergent evolution and selection of multidrug-resistant lineages.

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Genomic Investigation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST113 Strains Isolated from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Pakistan

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10091121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1121

Author(s):

Nimat Ullah ◽

Hamza Arshad Dar ◽

Kanwal Naz ◽

Saadia Andleeb ◽

Abdur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sccmec Type ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Comparative Genomic ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multi-drug resistant and opportunistic pathogen. The emergence of new clones of MRSA in both healthcare settings and the community warrants serious attention and epidemiological surveillance. However, epidemiological data of MRSA isolates from Pakistan are limited. We performed a whole-genome-based comparative analysis of two (P10 and R46) MRSA strains isolated from two provinces of Pakistan to understand the genetic diversity, sequence type (ST), and distribution of virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes. The strains belong to ST113 and harbor the SCCmec type IV encoding mecA gene. Both the strains contain two plasmids, and three and two complete prophage sequences are present in P10 and R46, respectively. The specific antibiotic resistance determinants in P10 include two aminoglycoside-resistance genes, aph(3’)-IIIa and aad(6), a streptothrin-resistance gene sat-4, a tetracycline-resistance gene tet(K), a mupirocin-resistance gene mupA, a point mutation in fusA conferring resistance to fusidic acid, and in strain R46 a specific plasmid associated gene ant(4’)-Ib. The strains harbor many virulence factors common to MRSA. However, no Panton-Valentine leucocidin (lukF-PV/lukS-PV) or toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) genes were detected in any of the genomes. The phylogenetic relationship of P10 and R46 with other prevailing MRSA strains suggests that ST113 strains are closely related to ST8 strains and ST113 strains are a single-locus variant of ST8. These findings provide important information concerning the emerging MRSA clone ST113 in Pakistan and the sequenced strains can be used as reference strains for the comparative genomic analysis of other MRSA strains in Pakistan and ST113 strains globally.

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Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Healthy Edible Marine Fish

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/9803903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Justine Fri ◽

Henry A. Njom ◽

Collins N. Ateba ◽

Roland N. Ndip

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Marine Fish ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Vancomycin Mics ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Mrsa Strains

Thirty-three (33) isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthy edible marine fish harvested from two aquaculture settings and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, were characterised in this study. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to 13 antibiotics were determined, and their antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed. A multiplex PCR was used to determine the epidemiological groups based on the type of SCCmec carriage followed by the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea-sed and the Panton Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl). A high antibiotic resistance percentage (67–81%) was observed for Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin, and Clindamycin, while maximum susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (100%), Imipenem (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (94%) was recorded. Nineteen (58%) of the MRSA strains had Vancomycin MICs of ≤2 μg/mL, 4 (12%) with MICs ranging from 4–8 μg/mL, and 10 (30%) with values ≥16 μg/mL. Overall, 27 (82%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with Erythromycin-Ampicillin-Rifampicin-Clindamycin (E-AMP-RIP-CD) found to be the dominant antibiotic-resistance phenotype observed in 4 isolates. Resistance genes such as tetM, tetA, ermB, blaZ, and femA were detected in two or more resistant strains. A total of 19 (58%) MRSA strains possessed SCCmec types I, II, or III elements, characteristic of healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), while 10 (30%) isolates displayed SCCmec type IVc, characteristic of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Six (18%) of the multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA were enterotoxigenic, harbouring the see, sea, or sec genes. A prevalence of 18% (6/33) was also recorded for the luk-PVL gene. The findings of this study showed that marine fish contained MDR-MRSA strains that harbour SCCmec types, characteristic of either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, but with a low prevalence of enterotoxin and pvl genes. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies within the food chain to minimise contamination of fish with MDR-MRSA and the ultimate spread of the bug.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST80 Clone: A Systematic Review

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12020119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Assia Mairi ◽

Abdelaziz Touati ◽

Jean-Philippe Lavigne

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Spa Type

This review assessed the molecular characterization of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-ST80 clone with an emphasis on its proportion of total MRSA strains isolated, PVL production, spa-typing, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on MRSA-ST80 clone published between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2019. Citations were chosen for a review of the full text if we found evidence that MRSA-ST80 clone was reported in the study. For each isolate, the country of isolation, the sampling period, the source of isolation (the type of infection, nasal swabs, or extra-human), the total number of MRSA strains isolated, number of MRSA-ST80 strains, antibiotic resistance patterns, PVL production, virulence genes, and spa type were recorded. The data from 103 articles were abstracted into an Excel database. Analysis of the data showed that the overall proportion of MRSA-ST80 has been decreasing in many countries in recent years. The majority of MRSA-ST80 were PVL positive with spa-type t044. Only six reports of MRSA-ST80 in extra-human niches were found. This review summarizes the rise of MRSA-ST80 and the evidence that suggests that it could be in decline in many countries.

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554. The Changing Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bacteremia in Hiroshima, Japan During 2008–2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.623 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S263-S263

Author(s):

Hiroki Kitagawa ◽

Junzo Hisatsune ◽

Hiroki Ohge ◽

Motoyuki Sugai

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sccmec Type ◽

University Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Type Iv ◽

Time Period ◽

Invasive Infections ◽

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽

Mrsa Strains

Abstract Background Recently, the Japanese intrinsic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) clone (CA-MRSA/J), classified as sequence type (ST) 8 carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVl (ST8-IVl), has been identified that causes invasive infections similar to those of USA300 clone. However, epidemiological information regarding epidemic CA-MRSA clones is limited in Japan. This study was performed to investigate the changing epidemiology of MRSA causing bacteremia in Japan. Methods We performed whole-genome sequencing of MRSA isolates causing bacteremia at Hiroshima University Hospital between January 2008 and December 2017. MRSA isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing, SCCmec typing and were analyzed for virulence factors. Clinical data of patients with MRSA bacteremia were analyzed. Results A total of 193 MRSA strains causing bacteremia were identified during the study period. Among these, most belonged to ST764-IIa (30%; 59 of 193) and ST5-IIa (26.9%; 52 of 193). The proportion of ST5-IIa MRSA decreased from 39.6% (42 of 106) in 2008–2012 to 11.5% (10 of 87) in 2013–2017, and that of ST764-IIa MRSA increased from 23.6% (25 of 106) to 39.1% (34 of 87) in the same time period. The proportion of CA-MRSA (MRSA carrying SCCmec type IV or V) increased from 28.3% (30 of 106) in 2008–2012 to 42.5% (37 of 87) in 2013–2017. In CA-MRSA strains, clonal complex (CC) 8-IV MRSA was predominant (76.1%; 51 of 67). Those belonging to CC8-IV MRSA isolates were ST380-IVc (18 of 51), ST8-IVl (CA-MRSA/J; 15 of 51), ST8-IVj (15 of 51), ST8-IVa (2 of 51), and ST4803-IVl (1 of 51). The rate of hospital-onset infections of ST380-IVc, ST8-IVl, and ST8-IVj were 83.3%, 46.7%, and 60%, respectively. In CA-MRSA/J strains, including their variants (e.g., ST4803-IVl), 14 of 16 strains (87.5%) carried genes for toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst-1), enterotoxin C (sec), and enterotoxin L (sel), while none of the ST380-IVc and ST8-IVj MRSA strains carried these genes. Conclusion During the study period of 10 years, predominant ST5-IIa MRSA causing hospital-onset infections was replaced by ST764-IIa MRSA. In CA-MRSA clone, ST380-IVc, ST8-IVl (CA-MRSA/J), and ST8-IVj were dominant and have already spread to the healthcare environment. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Molecular analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from four teaching hospitals in Iran: The emergence of Novel MRSA ST- SCCmec clones

10.21203/rs.2.24014/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farzaneh Firoozeh ◽

Mitra Omidi ◽

Mahmood Saffari ◽

Hossein Sedaghat ◽

Mohammad Zibaei

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Type V ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background: The global spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections necessitates the use of validated methods for the identification and typing of this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the distribution of main molecular types of MRSA strain circulating among hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan. Methods: A total of 146 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from patients in four teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan during June 2017 to September 2018. The antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains were performed by disc diffusion method. The MRSA strains were identified phenotypically and confirmed by PCR assay. The prevalence of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among MRSA strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The genotypes of MRSA strains were determined by multi-locus sequence type and SCC mec typing. Results: Of 146 Staphylococcus aureus isolates 24 (16.4%) isolates identified as MRSA strains. According to antibiotic susceptibility testing the highest resistance rates were seen to erythromycin, cefoxitin and clindamycin. All of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin whereas 3 (2.1%) isolates were resistant to linezolid. Three different SCC mec types were obtained among MRSA strains including 16 (66.7%) SCC mec type V, 3 (12.5%) SCC mec type III and 5 (20.8%) SCC mec type II. Of 24 MRSA isolates 20 (83.3%) carried MSCRAMMs genes including eno (70.8%), fib (54.1%) , cna (25.0%), fnbB (16.6%) , ebps 5 (20.8%), and fnbA , bbp and clfA genes were not detected. MLST analysis revealed 11 sequence types among MRSA isolates as follows: ST239, ST239, ST291, ST22, ST861, ST 889, ST8, ST59, ST343, ST772, ST6 and ST1465. Also seven MLST-based clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among MRSA strains including: CC8, CC7, CC398, CC59, CC22, CC1 and CC5. Conclusions: A relatively high diversity was found in MRSA genotypes in Kashan and Isfahan hospitals, and seven clonal complexes were identified. Pandemic MRSA clones including CC8 and CC22 were the most prevalent clones and the novel ST types including ST1465, ST861, ST 889 and ST772 are reported for the first time in Iran in the present study. In addition the high prevalence of MSCRAMMs genes in MRSA isolates demonstrates the high potential of these strains for pathogenicity.

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Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9040439 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vanessa Silva ◽

Telma de Sousa ◽

Paula Gómez ◽

Carolina Sabença ◽

Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

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Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in sewage treatment plants in Tehran, Iran

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2021.247 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fateh Rahimi ◽

Mohammad Katouli ◽

Mohammad R. Pourshafie

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sccmec Type ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sewage Treatment Plants ◽

Type Iii ◽

Predominant Type ◽

Key Factor ◽

Mrsa Strains

Abstract Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains have been commonly found in hospitals and communities causing wide ranges of infections among humans and animals. Typing of these strains is a key factor to reveal their clonal dissemination in different regions. We investigated the prevalence and dissemination of different clonal groups of S. aureus with resistance phenotype to multiple antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Tehran, Iran over four sampling occasions. A total of 576 S. aureus were isolated from the inlet, sludge and outlet. Of these, 80 were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were further characterized using a combination of Phene Plate (PhP) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), ccr types, prophage and antibiotic-resistant profiling. In all, eight common type (CT) and 13 single PhP type were identified in both STPs, with one major CT accounting for 38.8% of the MRSA strains. These strains belonged to three prophage patterns and five prophage types with SCCmec type III being the predominant type. Resistance to 11 out of the 17 antibiotics tested was significantly (P < 0.0059) higher among the MRSA isolates than methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains. The persistence of the strains in samples collected from the outlet of both STPs was 31.9% for MRSA and 23.1% for MSSA. These data indicated that while the sewage treatment process, in general, is still useful for removing most MRSA populations, some strains with SCCmec type III may have a better ability to survive the STP process.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in CMS-teaching hospital: a preliminary report

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3595 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

RK Sanjana ◽

Rajesh Shah ◽

Navin Chaudhary ◽

YI Singh

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Preliminary Report ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Intrinsic Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains

Aims: Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Materials and methods: Between April 2007 and December 2009, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were included in this study. All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of a total of 348 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 138 (39.6%) were found to be Methicillin-resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(62.3%) were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 52(37.7%) of the isolates were from outpatients. All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. More than 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin, while less than 10% of them were resistant to azithromycin, amikacin and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: This preliminary report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in our hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need of the hour. Key words: Nosocomial infection; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); multidrug resistant. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3595 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-6

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Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Glycopeptides in a Parisian Hospital

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.8.2985-2988.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 2985-2988 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

François Guerin ◽

Annie Buu-Hoï ◽

Jean-Luc Mainardi ◽

Guillaume Kac ◽

Nathalie Colardelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Standard Disk

Epidemiological relationships were investigated between 40 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with decreased glycopeptide susceptibility isolated from November 1998 to March 1999 from 39 patients (17 infected and 22 colonized patients) in nine wards of the Broussais Hospital, Paris, France. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility was readily detected on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar containing 6 μg of teicoplanin per ml and on gradient plates, but not by the standard disk diffusion method. The MICs of vancomycin and teicoplanin, determined on BHI agar, were 4 and 8 to 32 μg/ml, respectively (standard antibiotic dilution), and 4 to 8 and 8 to 32 μg/ml, respectively (E-test). All strains were resistant to macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, rifampin, sulfonamides, and pefloxacin, showed reduced susceptibility to fusidic acid and fosfomycin, and were susceptible to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and lysotyping revealed that a multidrug-resistant MRSA clone with decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides has been discretely endemic since at least 1996 in our institution, where it was responsible for an outbreak in November and December 1998.

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Multicentre surveillance of antibiotic resistance in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus in Cyprus

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2001.7.4-5.744 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (4-5) ◽

pp. 744-749

Author(s):

M. Gourni ◽

M. Kontou ◽

C. Hadjipanayiotou ◽

P. Protopapa

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Mucous Membrane ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

General Hospitals ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains

Four general hospitals in Cyprus evaluated the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] strains in positive cultures of staphylococci among inpatients from September 1999 to March 2000. One hundred and ninety three [193 strains were isolated from cultures of respiratory secretions, skin and mucous membrane lesions, blood and urine. Of the S. aureus strains studied, 80 [41.45%] were MRSA and 113 [58.55%] were methicillin sensitive S. aureus [MSSA]. More than 78.75% of the MRSA were resistant to erythromycin and 18.75% to gentamicin. Of the MSSA, 17.69% were resistant to erythromycin and 7.08% to gentamicin. None of the MRSA and MSSA strains showed reduced sensitivity to vancomycin.

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