Salivary Biomarkers and Their Correlation with Pain and Stress in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome

Objective: To evaluate a panel of salivary analytes involving biomarkers of inflammation, stress, immune system and antioxidant status in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to study their relationship with clinical variables. Materials and Methods: A total of 51 patients with BMS and 31 controls were consecutively enrolled in the study, with the recording of oral habits, the severity of pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) score and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP14) score. Resting whole saliva was collected with the drainage technique, followed by the measurement of 11 biomarkers. Results: The salivary flow was higher in patients with BMS. Among all the biomarkers studied, significantly higher levels of alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP4) and lower levels of uric acid and ferric reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) were observed in the saliva of patients with BMS as compared to the controls (p < 0.05 in all cases). Positive correlations were found between pain, oral quality of life and anxiety scores and salivary biomarkers. Conclusions: BMS is associated with changes in salivary biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and stress, being related to the degree of pain and anxiety.

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Burning mouth syndrome - quality of life

BDJ ◽

10.1038/s41415-021-2625-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 230 (2) ◽

pp. 92-92

Author(s):

Reena Wadia

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Burning Mouth

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The impact on quality of life in patients with burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology ◽

10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.019 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Vianna Pereira ◽

Ana Gabriela Costa Normando ◽

Carla Isabelly Rodrigues-Fernandes ◽

César Rivera ◽

Alan Roger Santos-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Burning Mouth ◽

The Impact

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Detection of Salivary Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 6 in Patients With Burning Mouth Syndrome

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/mi/2006/54632 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Daria Simcic ◽

Sonja Pezelj-Ribaric ◽

Renata Gržic ◽

Jelena Horvat ◽

Gordana Brumini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Severity Of Illness ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Control Group ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Burning Mouth ◽

Age Range ◽

Healthy Participants

The etiology of BMS remains unknown. Role of various cytokines has been implicated in the development of BMS. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of salivary IL-2 and IL-6 in patients with BMS, compared with age-matched healthy volunteers (control group). Whole saliva from 30 patients with BMS, age range 55–65, was tested for the presence of IL-6 and IL-2 by enzyme immunoassay. Control group consisted of 30 healthy participants, aged 55–65 years. Saliva IL-2 concentrations in BMS were significantly increased in patients compared to healthy subjects: mean34.1±9.7versus7.3±3.0pg/mL;P<.001. Patients with BMS had significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 compared to control: mean30.8±5.6versus5.2±2.8pg/mL;P<.001. In patients with BMS, IL-2 and IL-6 levels in saliva are elevated, correlating with the severity of illness.

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Burning mouth syndrome- An Oral Physicians Dilemma

International Journal Of Applied Research and Studies ◽

10.20908/ijars.v6i4.7614 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Author(s):

N. Kavitaa

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucosa ◽

Facial Pain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Pain Disorder ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Burning Mouth

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oro-facial pain disorder that affects both genders, but predominately with higher female predilection. The condition is characterized by burning sensation present over the oral mucosa and tongue, with no definable clinical signs. The etiology for BMS is not clear cut, so does the quality of treating the condition is hampered. The present paper reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria’s and treatment modalities in treating BMS which poses as a great challenge for the oral physicians.

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Soluble CD14 and toll-like receptor-2 are potential salivary biomarkers for oral lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome

Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.014 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 126 (1) ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Mythily Srinivasan ◽

Krithika N. Kodumudi ◽

Susan L. Zunt

Keyword(s):

Lichen Planus ◽

Oral Lichen Planus ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Soluble Cd14 ◽

Salivary Biomarkers ◽

Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽

Burning Mouth ◽

Oral Lichen

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Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marwa Mrag ◽

Asma Kassab ◽

Asma Omezzine ◽

Raoua Belkacem Chebil ◽

Fatma Ben Fredj Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Total Protein ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Oral Exam ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

Summary Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p = 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.

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