scholarly journals Salivary Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients: Towards a Wide-Scale Test for Monitoring Disease Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Cecilia Napodano ◽  
Cinzia Callà ◽  
Antonella Fiorita ◽  
Mariapaola Marino ◽  
Eleonora Taddei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Free Light Chains ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Rapid Laboratory ◽  
Operator Curve

The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which impairs the functionality of several organs, represents a major threat to human health. One of the hardest challenges in the fight against COVID-19 is the development of wide-scale, effective, and rapid laboratory tests to control disease severity, progression, and possible sudden worsening. Monitoring patients in real-time is highly demanded in this pandemic era when physicians need reliable and quantitative tools to prioritize patients’ access to intensive care departments. In this regard, salivary biomarkers are extremely promising, as they allow for the fast and non-invasive collection of specimens and can be repeated multiple times. Methods: We compare salivary levels of immunoglobulin A subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and free light chains (kFLC and λFLC) in a cohort of 29 SARS-CoV-2 patients and 21 healthy subjects. Results: We found that each biomarker differs significantly between the two groups, with p-values ranging from 10−8 to 10−4. A Receiving Operator Curve analysis shows that λFLC level is the best-suited candidate to discriminate the two groups (AUC = 0.96), with an accuracy of 0.94 (0.87–1.00 95% CI), a precision of 0.91 (0.81–1.00 95% CI), a sensitivity of 1.00 (0.96–1.00 95% CI), and a specificity of 0.86 (0.70–1.00 95% CI). Conclusion: These results suggest λFLC as an ideal indicator of patient conditions. This hypothesis is strengthened by the consideration that the λFLC half-life (approximately 6 h) is significantly shorter than the IgA one (21 days), thus confirming the potential of λFLC for effectively monitoring patients’ fluctuation in real-time.

scholarly journals Salivary Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients: The Rabbit out of the Hat!

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Napodano ◽  
Cinzia Callà ◽  
Antonella Fiorita ◽  
Mariapaola Marino ◽  
Eleonora Taddei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Free Light Chains ◽  
P Values ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Rapid Laboratory ◽  
Performance Ranking

Background: The ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a major threat to human health, which impairs the functionality of several organs. One of the hardest challenges in the fight against COVID-19 is the development of wide-scale, effective, and rapid laboratory tests to control disease severity, progression, and possible sudden worsening. Monitoring patients in real-time is indeed highly demanded in this pandemic era when physicians need reliable and quantitative tools to prioritize patients’ access to intensive care departments. In this regard, salivary biomarkers are extremely promising, as they allow for a fast and non-invasive specimens’ collection, which can be repeated multiple times. Methods: We compare salivary levels of immunoglobulin A subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and free-light chains (FLC k and λ) in a cohort of 29 SARS-CoV-2 patients and 21 healthy subjects. Results: We found that each biomarkers differs significantly between the two groups, with p-values ranging from 10-8 to 10-4. The performance ranking of these markers, shows that λFLC level (p=1.4e-8) is the best-suited candidate to discriminate the two groups, with an accuracy of 0.94 (0.87-1.00 95% CI), a precision of 0.91 (0.81-1.00 95% CI), a sensitivity of 1.00 (0.96-1.00 95% CI) and a specificity of 0.86 (0.70-1.00 95% CI). Conclusion: These results suggest λFLC as an ideal indicator of patient conditions. This is more strengthened in consideration that λFLC half-life (approximately 6 hours) is significantly shorter than the IgA one (21 days): thus λFLC appears displaying the potential to effectively monitor patients fluctuation in real-time.

scholarly journals Mini-Review Article – Current Opinion on Salivary Biomarkers as a Measurement for Stress and Fatigue

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Chun Yi ◽  
Shabbir Moochhala
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Salivary Peptide ◽  
Stress Research ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Salivary Immunoglobulin A

Salivary biomarkers have been increasingly popular in stress research as saliva is easily produced and collection is non-invasive and not limited by geographical distance or lack of infrastructure. Several salivary biomarkers have been utilized in stress research, for instance, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase and salivary immunoglobulin A. Despite being sensitive to changes in fatigue, they have limitations such as inter-individual variability, and interactions with other constituents that may confound the results. Recently, Hyperion Biotechnology has developed the Fatigue Biomarker Index (FBI), which is a measurement of the changes in concentration of salivary peptides with fatigue. The FBI has been shown to be an accurate and objective biomarker of fatigue, and has huge potential for use in various fields and industries. This article will review some of the previous and current salivary biomarkers of stress, as well as critically appraise the new salivary peptide test in terms of its accuracy, application and access.

INVESTIGATION OF HAND KINEMATICS TOWARDS FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING USING NON-INVASIVE REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEM

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaimi Ghazali ◽  
◽  
Asiah Mohd Pilus ◽  
Wan Mohd Bukhari Wan Daud ◽  
Mohd Juzaila Abd Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Hand Kinematics

scholarly journals Salivary Biomarkers of Stress, Anxiety and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Sylwia Chojnowska ◽  
Iwona Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek ◽  
Alina Kępka ◽  
Małgorzata Knaś ◽  
Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
As Stress

Stress, anxiety and depressive disorders are often characterized by the activation of the stress axis, which results in similar symptoms at some point in these disorders. These disorders are closely related to each other—they occur simultaneously or follow one another. The diagnosis of stress, anxiety and depression is not a perfect procedure currently—it is based on patient observation and an interview with the patient and their family. There are no laboratory tests that would dispel the doubts of the doctor making the diagnosis and allow the appropriate treatment to be implemented as soon as possible. Therefore, this study will review the components of saliva that could be helpful in the quick diagnosis of stress, anxiety and/or depression. Such potential salivary biomarkers could also be useful in monitoring the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment prescribed by a psychiatrist. The following are promising salivary biomarkers of stress, anxiety or depression: cortisol, immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, melatonin, α-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (CgA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). To the best valuable potential salivary markers of stress, we can include cortisol, lysozyme, sAA and CgA. To differentiate depression from stress, salivary cortisol and melatonin can be helpful. Fluctuations in the concentrations of the above-mentioned substances in saliva indicate a particularly strong relationship with typical human psychological problems, such as stress, depression or anxiety.

scholarly journals Serial Ultrasonographic and Real-Time Elastosonographic Assessment of the Ovine Common Calcaneal Tendon, after an Experimentally Induced Tendinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Daniele Serrani ◽  
Antonella Volta ◽  
Franco Cingolani ◽  
Luca Pennasilico ◽  
Caterina Di Bella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Single Operator ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Real-time elastosonography (RTE) is a recently described, non-invasive, ultrasonographic technique developed to assess tissue elasticity. The main aim of this study was to investigate the ultrasonographic and elastosonographic appearance of the common calcaneal tendon (CCT) in an ovine model, and to monitor the progression of tendon healing after an experimentally-induced tendinopathy. Sound tendons were initially evaluated (T0) with a caliper and by a single operator with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic and elastosonographic images were then acquired. Subsequently, ultrasound-guided tendon lesions were induced by injecting 500 IU of Type IA collagenases proximally to the calcaneal tuberosity. Caliper measurement, ultrasonography and elastosonography were then repeated at 15 (T1), 30 (T2) and 60 (T3) days. Clinically measured width of the tendon, ultrasonographic thickness and width and percentage of hard (Elx-t%hrd) and soft (Elx-t%sft) tissue were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed on the data collected; statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed good (0.68) repeatability of elastosonographic evaluation of the CCT. The tendon width was significantly increased when comparing T0 with T1–2 and decreased when comparing T1–2 with T3. Ultrasound-assessed thickness was significantly increased between T0–T1 and decreased between T1-T2–3. Elx-t%hrd was significantly decreased at T1–2–3 and Elx-t%sft was significantly increased at T1–2–3. In conclusion, the ovine CCT is a highly stiff structure that undergoes a severe loss of stiffness during the healing process. Thickness and width of the tendon increased during the first 30 days and then reduced progressively along the subsequent 30 days. Ultrasonographic appearance of the tendon remained severely abnormal and the tendon showed severely reduced elastic proprieties 60 days after lesion induction.

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