Can Higher Capital Discipline Bank Risk: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis

Capital regulation has been among the most important tools for regulators to maintain the credibility and stability of the financial systems. However, the question whether higher capital induce banks to take lower risk remains unanswered. This paper examines the effect of capital on bank risk employing a meta-analysis approach, which considers a wide range of empirical papers from 1990 to 2018. We found that the negative effect of bank capital on bank risk, which implies the discipline role of bank capital, is more likely to be reported. However, the reported results are suffered from the publication bias due to the preference for significant estimates and favored results. Our study also shows that the differences in the previous studies’ conclusions are primarily caused by the differences in the study design, particularly the risk and capital measurements; the model specification such as the concern for the dynamic of bank risk behaviors, the endogeneity of the capital and unobserved time fixed effects; along with and the sample characteristics such as the sample size, and whether banks are bank holding companies or located in high-income countries.

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A Possible Role of Allatostatin C in Inhibiting Ecdysone Biosynthesis Revealed in the Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2021.740251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

An Liu ◽

Wenyuan Shi ◽

Dongdong Lin ◽

Haihui Ye

Keyword(s):

Scylla Paramamosain ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Mud Crab ◽

Methyl Farnesoate ◽

Independent Manner ◽

Wide Range ◽

Negative Effect

C-type allatostatins (C-type ASTs) are a family of structurally related neuropeptides found in a wide range of insects and crustaceans. To date, the C-type allatostatin receptor in crustaceans has not been deorphaned, and little is known about its physiological functions. In this study, we aimed to functionally define a C-type ASTs receptor in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosian. We showed that C-type ASTs receptor can be activated by ScypaAST-C peptide in a dose-independent manner and by ScypaAST-CCC peptide in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 6.683 nM. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the potential roles of ScypaAST-C and ScypaAST-CCC peptides in the regulation of ecdysone (20E) and methyl farnesoate (MF) biosynthesis. The results indicated that ScypaAST-C inhibited biosynthesis of 20E in the Y-organ, whereas ScypaAST-CCC had no effect on the production of 20E. In addition, qRT-PCR showed that both ScypaAST-C and ScypaAST-CCC significantly decreased the level of expression of the MF biosynthetic enzyme gene in the mandibular organ, suggesting that the two neuropeptides have a negative effect on the MF biosynthesis in mandibular organs. In conclusion, this study provided new insight into the physiological roles of AST-C in inhibiting ecdysone biosynthesis. Furthermore, it was revealed that AST-C family peptides might inhibit MF biosynthesis in crustaceans.

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The Role of Bank Liquidity and Bank Risk in Determining Bank Capital: Empirical Analysis of Asian Banking Industry

Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies ◽

10.1142/s0219091520500204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (03) ◽

pp. 2050020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Faisal Abbas ◽

Shahid Iqbal ◽

Bilal Aziz

Keyword(s):

Emerging Economies ◽

Commercial Banks ◽

Banking Industry ◽

Negative Association ◽

Bank Risk ◽

Standard Errors ◽

Bank Capital ◽

Short Run ◽

The Impact

This study provides new insights about how bank liquidity and bank risk have influenced the capital ratio of commercial banks operating in Asia’s emerging economies after the financial crisis 2007–2008. The data were collected for 377 banks from the Bankscope database covering the period of eight years between 2010 and 2017. The linear regression panel-corrected standard errors approach is used to find consistent estimators. The results of the overall sample and medium-sized banks regression revealed a positive relationship between bank liquidity and bank capital ratio, whereas the liquidity and bank capital ratio of large commercial banks have a negative association. The impact of liquidity on bank capital ratio is positive but insignificant in the case of smaller banks. The impact of bank risk on bank capital ratio is negative in the case of smaller and medium-sized banks, whereas the association is found positive in the case of larger and overall banks data results in short run, other things remain unchanged. The findings have valued information for researchers, analysts, managers, and policymakers.

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Role of Potassium on Growth, Nitrogen Fixation and Biochemical Traits in [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Water Stress

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4295 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nisha Kataria ◽

Narender Singh

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Water Stress ◽

Potassium Fertilizer ◽

Biochemical Traits ◽

Global Issue ◽

Wide Range ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Potassium Supply ◽

Effects Of Drought

Background: Water stress is a global issue to ensure survival of agricultural crops. Mungbean has a great nutritional value, short-duration and has an advantage that it can grow in wide range of soils and environments. For the present study, two varieties of mungbean were selected and raised in earthen pots. Methods: Water stress was imposed at 50% flowering (35-40 days after sowing) and plants were sampled at this stage. The control plants maintained at soil moisture content (SMC) of 12.0 ± 0.5% and in stressed plants, water stress was created by withholding irrigation till SMC decreased to 4.5±0.5%. In legumes, damaging effects of drought can be reduced by potassium supply. Potassium was supplied to the soil at concentration 0.00, 1.54 mM, 2.31 mM, 3.08 mM. Result: This article includes water stress-induced harmful effects on mungbean growth and development, nitrogen fixation and biochemical traits and suggests that different concentrations of potassium fertilizer help to reduce the negative effect of water stress.

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Clinical and prognostic role of Vasohibin-1 expression in solid tumors: An evidence from a meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19931/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ye Tian ◽

Chenkui Miao ◽

Xiaohan Ren ◽

Aiming Xu ◽

Shenhao Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Tumors ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Disease Free Survival ◽

Venous Invasion ◽

Tumor Grade ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Clinicopathological Parameters

Abstract Background The role of Vasohibin-1 (VASH1) expression in solid tumors remains controversial. We thus performed this meta-analysis to elucidate the associations between VASH1 expression and the prognosis of solid tumors. Methods We searched relevant literature in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE. The hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured by fixed-effects or random-effects models. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's regression test. Results The results showed that VASH1 expression exhibited a significantly decreased overall survival (OS) time (HR = 1.85; 95% Cl = 1.27–2.69) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.80; 95% Cl = 1.41–2.29) time. Meanwhile, VASH1 expression was found significantly associated with TNM stage (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.57–2.46), tumor stage (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.88–2.93), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.37–2.98), venous invasion (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.00-2.65), tumor grade (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.13–2.67) and microvessel density (MVD) (OR = 4.30; 95% CI = 2.31–8.03). However, no significant association was found between the VASH1 expression and distant metastasis (OR = 1.81; 95% Cl = 0.74–1.41). Conclusion This study demonstrated that VASH1 expression was relevant to more aggressive clinicopathological parameters and might predict inferior DFS and OS in solid tumor patients.

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Role of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Neurological Primary Burning Mouth Syndrome. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Randomised Controlled Clinical Trials

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111838 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1838

Author(s):

Reem Hanna ◽

Snehal Dalvi ◽

Rene Jean Bensadoun ◽

Judith E. Raber-Durlacher ◽

Stefano Benedicenti

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽

Photobiomodulation Therapy ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Time Interval ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Wide Range ◽

Burning Mouth

Mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for energy production and neuronal survival in neurological primary burning mouth syndrome (npBMS). Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been utilised in npBMS management, however, its role of intervention remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of CRD 42020198921 PROSPERO registration reference was to oversee and determine the efficacy of PBMT in patients with npBMS, identifying the gaps and bridge them by proposing recommendations for future studies purposes. PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane Collaboration recommendations followed. Various search engines employed to analyse a total of 351 studies of which 12 were included. A wide range of utilised PBM wavelengths was between 635–980 nm and the power output ranged between 30 mW and 4000 mW. A high risk of bias (RoB) was noted in 7 out of 12 included studies (58.3%), as results of qualitative analysis. Meta-analysis findings of 4 out of 12 studies showed statistically significant intergroup differences (SSID) for visual analogue scale (VAS) values (MD = −1.47; 95% CI = −2.40 to −0.53; Z = 3.07 (p = 0.002) whereas meta-analysis on 5 out of 12 studies revealed SSID for anxiety/depression and quality of life (MD = −1.47; 95% CI = −2.40 to −0.53; Z = 3.07 (p = 0.002), favouring PBMT group to the control treatment strategies. Despite the inconsistency and diversity in PBM parameters (wavelength, power, light source, spot size, emission mode, energy per point, total energy) and treatment protocols (exposure time, number of sessions, time interval between sessions, treatment duration)—majority of the included studies showed positive PBM results. The high RoB and meta-analytical heterogeneity in the eligible studies warrant the necessity to perform well-designed and robust RCTs after acknowledging the drawbacks of the available scientific literature and addressing our suggested recommendations highlighted in our review.

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Clinical and Prognostic Role of Vasohibin-1 Expression in Solid Tumors

10.21203/rs.3.rs-72202/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ye Tian ◽

Chenkui Miao ◽

Xiaohan Ren ◽

Aiming Xu ◽

Shenhao Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Tumors ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Disease Free Survival ◽

Venous Invasion ◽

Tumor Grade ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Clinicopathological Parameters

Abstract BackgroundThe role of Vasohibin-1 (VASH1) expression in solid tumors remains controversial. We thus performed this meta-analysis to elucidate the associations between VASH1 expression and the prognosis of solid tumors.MethodsWe searched relevant literature in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE. The hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured by fixed-effects or random-effects models. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's regression test.ResultsThe results showed that VASH1 expression exhibited a significantly decreased overall survival (OS) time (HR = 1.85; 95% Cl = 1.27-2.69) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.80; 95% Cl = 1.41-2.29) time. Meanwhile, VASH1 expression was found significantly associated with TNM stage (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.57-2.46), tumor stage (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.88-2.93), lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.37-2.98), venous invasion (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.00-2.65), tumor grade (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.13-2.67) and microvessel density (MVD) (OR = 4.30; 95% CI = 2.31-8.03). However, no significant association was found between the VASH1 expression and distant metastasis (OR = 1.81; 95% Cl = 0.74-1.41). ConclusionThis study demonstrated that VASH1 expression was relevant to more aggressive clinicopathological parameters and might predict inferior DFS and OS in solid tumor patients.

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The Role of Public Defenders Within the American Justice System

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsrhs.v8i2.1286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Brianna Fisher ◽

Patti Thompson

Keyword(s):

Work Ethic ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Public Defenders ◽

Weighted Means ◽

Negative Effect ◽

American Cities ◽

Positive Effect

This paper examines the inner workings of the legal system in connection with public defenders and their duties. The factors of total caseload, plea deals, waivers, and bench verdicts were implemented to create a comprehensive means of measuring work ethic, due to their significant presence in the everyday workings of public defenders. Through a meta-analysis of the five most densely populated African American cities within the state of Michigan, the combined and individual weighted mean effect sizes were calculated to determine if there was a strong positive or negative effect of the four factors mentioned above on work ethic. Additionally, both the upper and lower credibility levels were calculated to analyze their proximity to the weighted means. For all four factors tested, the weighted mean effect sizes relate a positive effect of the factors on work ethic, with all means falling closer to their upper credibility levels. These results confirm that the factors of total caseload, plea deals, waivers, and bench verdicts affect how cases are being handled and how clients are being treated.

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An Analysis of the Market Share-Profitability Relationship

Journal of Marketing ◽

10.1177/002224299305700301 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

David M. Szymanski ◽

Sundar G. Bharadwaj ◽

P. Rajan Varadarajan

Keyword(s):

Market Share ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Model Specification ◽

Profit Model ◽

Building Market ◽

Business Profitability ◽

Sample Characteristics ◽

The Relationship ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Share Information

A number of researchers in the marketing, management, and economics disciplines have expressed reservations regarding the validity and generalizability of the reported relationships between market share and profitability. Against this backdrop, the authors performed a meta-analysis on 276 market share-profitability findings from forty-eight studies to address whether market share and profitability are positively related and to examine the factors that moderate the magnitude of that relationship. The authors found that, on average, market share has a positive effect on business profitability. However, the magnitude of the market share-profitability relationship is moderated by model specification errors, sample characteristics, and measurement characteristics. The relationship is moderated the most (and, on average, the relationship could be artifactual) when firm-specific intangible factors are specified in the profit model or the estimate of the market share-profitability relationship is based on an analysis of non-PIMS businesses. The authors discuss the implications of these results for the evaluation and utilization of market share information by managers in reference to strategies that focus on building market share as a means for increasing profits.

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Association of Metformin Use with Asthma Exacerbation in Patients with Concurrent Asthma and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/2020/9705604 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Li Wen ◽

Wang Zhong ◽

Yihui Chai ◽

Qin Zhong ◽

Jie Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Room ◽

Asthma Exacerbation ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Emergency Room Visits ◽

Fixed Effects Model ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Wide Range

Background. Asthma and diabetes are both diseases that affect a wide range of people worldwide. As a common treatment for diabetes, metformin has also been reported to be effective in improving asthma outcomes. We conducted a combined analysis to examine the efficacy of metformin in reducing asthma exacerbation in patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes. Methods. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases for articles published prior to April 2020 to find observational studies of individuals with concurrent asthma and diabetes that compared the risk of asthma exacerbation between metformin users and nonusers. Two researchers separately screened the studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. The primary outcome was the adjusted risk of asthma exacerbation. The secondary outcomes were the adjusted risk of asthma-related hospitalization and emergency room visits. Review Manager was used for data analysis and plotting. I2 and χ2 tests were used to estimate heterogeneity. A random effects or fixed effects model was used depending on the heterogeneity. Odds ratios were calculated for dichotomous variables. Results. We included two studies with a total of 25252 patients. The pooled effect size showed that metformin was inversely associated with a risk of asthma exacerbation (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.28–1.48; χ2 = 5.42, P=0.02; I2 = 82%), asthma-related emergency department visits (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.74–0.89; χ2 = 0.36, P=0.55; I2 = 0%), and hospitalizations (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.14–1.29; χ2 = 4.01, P=0.05; I2 = 75%). Conclusion. This meta-analysis suggested that metformin decreased the risk of asthma-related emergency room visits for patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes. Metformin reduced the risk of asthma-related hospitalization and exacerbation but was not statistically significant. More randomized trials involving larger samples should be considered, and the mechanisms of these effects need to be fully elucidated.

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