International Trade in the High-Tech Sector—Support or Obstacle to Start-Up Processes at the Macro Level in European Union Countries?

High-tech internationalization touches on two aspects impacting entrepreneurship: openness of the economy and its level of innovativeness. Both of them might positively or negatively affect the process of new company creations, as suggested by the concept of entrepreneurial regime with creative destruction or by the concept of routinized regime with creative accumulation. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of high-tech internationalization on the start-up process of new company creation. Cluster analysis and panel modeling for European Union countries in 2009–2018 were conducted. The research results distinguish clusters of European Union countries with a different level of high-tech internationalization. The impact of high-tech internationalization on start-up rates is significant in the case of both clusters; however, it is stronger in the cluster of countries with a relatively higher level of high-tech international openness. The high-tech intra-EU import and extra-EU high-tech export negatively affect the rate of new enterprise creation in both clusters. Additionally, extra-EU import in clusters with a relatively higher level of high-tech internationalization also negatively impacts start-up rates. The only aspect supporting the start-up process is the level of intra-EU export in clusters with higher levels of high-tech internationalization. The results suggest that in European Union countries, creative accumulation is the dominant phenomenon.

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The impact of government outsourcing on public spending: Evidence from European Union countries

Journal of Policy Modeling ◽

10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.01.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 333-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

José M. Alonso ◽

Judith Clifton ◽

Daniel Díaz-Fuentes

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Public Spending ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Impact

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Assessment of the Effect of Technological Innovations on Unemployment in the European Union Countries

Engineering Economics ◽

10.5755/j01.ee.32.2.24400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 130-139

Author(s):

Zigmas Lydeka ◽

Akvile Karaliute

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Method Of Moments ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Technological Innovations ◽

Labour Demand ◽

The European Union ◽

Independent Variables ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Impact

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.

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E-Novation in Large Corporations

E-Novation for Competitive Advantage in Collaborative Globalization - Advances in E-Business Research ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-394-4.ch013 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 210-237

Author(s):

Michael Conlin

Keyword(s):

Business Value ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Business Community ◽

High Tech ◽

High Tech Sector ◽

Community Recommendations ◽

Large Corporations ◽

The Impact

This chapter explores the lessons learned by large corporations that have been pioneers of e-novation. These pioneers have much to teach us about the opportunities for competitive impact and business value. These are explored within the framework of Porter’s Five Forces model. The impact of e-novation on employees and, especially on the employee-employer relationship is explored to reveal possible insights. Although a significant portion of these pioneers are in the high tech sector, many of the insights are broadly applicable to all sectors of the economy. A case is made that e-novation is well on its way to broad adoption in the business community. Recommendations are offered for those wishing to take up the challenge of e-novation.

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Potential and competitiveness of EU countries in terms of slaughter livestock production

Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) ◽

10.17221/156/2019-agricecon ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽

pp. 550-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Agnieszka Tłuczak

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Great Britain ◽

Spatial Econometrics ◽

Cattle Production ◽

Strong Concentration ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Slaughter Cattle ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Models and methods of spatial econometrics are gaining more and more popularity. Their advantage is the opportunity to examine the interrelationships between individual territorial units. These methods, apart from the own potential of the region, take into account the impact of neighbouring objects and location in space. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the potential and the level of competitiveness of individual European Union countries in the field of slaughter cattle production. In addition, the paper attempts to determine the specialisation of individual EU countries in the production of slaughter animals by sector. The analysis covered the years 2010–2016, using Eurostat data. The obtained results allow indicating countries in which there is a strong concentration of income potential (Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, France and Belgium). Countries in which the highest values of the potential quotients in the entire European Union are distinguished (Poland, Finland and Belgium).<br />

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O2C.6 The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five european union countries

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oem-2019-epi.46 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. A17.3-A18

Author(s):

Emile Tompa ◽

Amirabbas Mofidi ◽

Young Jung ◽

Thijmen van Bree ◽

Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Occupational Injuries ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Cost Categories ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five European Union countries for the reference year 2015.We used a ‘bottom up’ approach to estimate the economic burden from a societal perspective for Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Poland. Three broad cost categories were considered—direct health care, indirect productivity, and intangible health-related quality of life costs. The methods started with data on newly diagnosed occupational injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We considered lifetime costs for cases across all cost categories. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of key parameters.Indirect costs represent the largest proportion of total costs (with the exception is Poland), ranging from 66% for The Netherland to 43% for Poland. Intangible costs are the second highest, ranging from 49% for Poland to 21% for Finland and The Netherlands. Direct costs range from 16% for Finland to 8% for Poland.Average per case costing is highest for The Netherlands (€75,342), followed by Italy (€58,411), German (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and lastly Poland (€38,918). Total costs as a percentage of GDP are highest for Poland (10.4%), followed by Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and lastly Finland (2.7%). In terms of costs per working population, the value is highest for Italy (€4,956), followed by The Netherland (€2,930), Poland (€2,793), Germany (€2,527) and lastly Finland (€2,331).The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in the countries considered are substantial, despite efforts to reduce adverse workplace exposures. Our case costs and total economic burden estimates provide a basis for undertaking economic evaluations of prevention efforts and can serve as a template for monitoring and evaluation at the country level. We advance the methods on several fronts.

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Community Pharmacies in Poland—The Journey from a Deregulated to a Strictly Regulated Market

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17238751 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (23) ◽

pp. 8751

Author(s):

Marcin Wiśniewski ◽

Urszula Religioni ◽

Piotr Merks

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Patient Care ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Law ◽

The Impact

Community pharmacies are the primary entities providing drugs to individual patients in Poland. The pharmacy market has been changing for many years due to significant changes in market regulations. These changes significantly affect the profitability of pharmacies, which may impact the quality of pharmacotherapy. The small number of pharmacies, which resulted from changes in the law in 2017, can influence the level of patient care. The article presents the community pharmacies market in Poland. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulations affecting community pharmacies and the impact of these regulations on the overall shape of the market. The Polish system’s specificity, including the pharmacy market indicators, has been compared with data from other European Union countries.

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Diversity in the use of information and communication technologies among European Union countries

Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.3526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (8) ◽

pp. 39-56

Author(s):

Jolanta Wojnar

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Method Of Principal Components ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Information And Communication ◽

South Eastern Europe ◽

Components Analysis

The aim of the research discussed in the article is to assess the diversity among European Union countries in terms of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). Fifteen indicators describing the use of ICT by natural persons and households were selected for the analysis. The data were obtained from Statistics Poland reports and from the Eurostat database for the year 2017. The method of principal components analysis was applied in the process of analysing the diversity. Moreover, a cluster analysis based on the k-means method was performed. The analysis demonstrates that Scandinavian and Benelux countries are the leaders in using ICT, while countries of southern and south-eastern Europe as well as Poland are the lowest rated.

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MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX ECONOMIC REFORMS IN EU COUNTRIES

Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu ◽

10.21272/1817-9215.2019.2-5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 36-45

Author(s):

I. Marekha ◽

V. Myrhorodska

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Correlation Analysis ◽

Environmental Taxes ◽

Environmental Tax ◽

The European Union ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Eu Countries ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

The article substantiates the necessity to introduce systematic and effective tax eco-reforms in the context of resource-oriented economic development by the European Union countries. The performance and effectiveness of the reforms are estimated in relation to the main four groups of environmental taxes: energy taxes, pollution taxes, resource taxes and transport taxes. The macroecological policy of the European Union countries is the object of the undertaken analysis. The article examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental taxes across the EU, using a correlation analysis toolkit. Four groups of macroeconomic parameters were selected for analysis: internal macroeconomic factors (nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation, business cycle stage, budget deficit, energy consumption level); external macroeconomic factors (government debt, exports, foreign direct investments); institutional macroparameters (environmental culture, shadow economy, trust in government) and fiscal macroparameters (tax culture and fiscal freedom). The economic interpretation of the obtained correlates is given. Based on the correlation analysis, stimulators and de-stimulators of tax environmental reforms across the EU were identified. It is established that the factors that positively influence on the tax environmental reforms are the overwhelming majority of the analyzed factors. The formation of indicators of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms is undertaken for six countries of the Community. In particular, the analysis covers three economic leaders (Germany, the United Kingdom and France) and three leading EU countries in the field of environmental tax collection (Latvia, Greece and Slovenia). The article presents approaches to improving the assessment of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms based on the consideration of fiscal (budget-filling) and reproductive (multiplicative) functions of environmental taxes. In this regard, the environmental tax multiplier and accelerator, as well as the GDP elasticity coefficient for environmental taxes, were calculated for the analyzed group of countries. The criteria of economic efficiency of tax eco-reforms are proposed. Keywords: environmental taxes, macroeconomic effect, macro-environmental policy, multiplier, accelerator, elasticity

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Normalizacja zmiennych a porządkowanie krajów Unii Europejskiej pod względem stopnia wykorzystania technologii ICT w przedsiębiorstwach

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy ◽

10.15584/nsawg.2021.1.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 74-89

Author(s):

Patrycja Wieczorek ◽

◽

Eliza Frejtag-Mika ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Linear Ordering ◽

Data Normalization ◽

Maximum Value ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Range Correlation ◽

Measure Of Similarity ◽

The Impact ◽

Diagnostic Variables

The main issue of multivariate comparative analysis is the normalization of variables. The literature offers various procedures for data normalization, and therefore the researcher has to choose between them. The article presents and discusses the most commonly used normalizing formulas. The article assesses the impact of data normalization procedures on the results of the linear ordering of European Union countries in terms of the level of ICT usage in enterprises. A hypothesis was formulated that the method of data normalization influenced the position of the objects in the ranking. The study is based on statistical data from Eurostat for the year 2018. Based on the selected diagnostic variables, values for a synthetic measure have been determined for individual countries. The synthetic measure was calculated according to the model-less method of linear ordering using four types of normalization. The method used in the research allowed the creation of rankings for the countries. The compliance of the orders thus obtained was compared using the Spearman’s coefficient of range correlation and the measure of similarity of rankings. As the study shows, the choice of normalization formula influences the result of linear ordering, which is not due to any change in the data structure. It was proven that the quotient transformation with the normalization base equal to the maximum value allowed the most similar ranking to be obtained of the examined objects in relation to the Rother rankings. The results of the study show that Denmark, Sweden and Finland had the highest positions in each ranking while Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia had the lowest positions.

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