scholarly journals Normalizacja zmiennych a porządkowanie krajów Unii Europejskiej pod względem stopnia wykorzystania technologii ICT w przedsiębiorstwach

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Patrycja Wieczorek ◽  
◽  
Eliza Frejtag-Mika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Data Normalization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Range Correlation ◽  
Measure Of Similarity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

The main issue of multivariate comparative analysis is the normalization of variables. The literature offers various procedures for data normalization, and therefore the researcher has to choose between them. The article presents and discusses the most commonly used normalizing formulas. The article assesses the impact of data normalization procedures on the results of the linear ordering of European Union countries in terms of the level of ICT usage in enterprises. A hypothesis was formulated that the method of data normalization influenced the position of the objects in the ranking. The study is based on statistical data from Eurostat for the year 2018. Based on the selected diagnostic variables, values for a synthetic measure have been determined for individual countries. The synthetic measure was calculated according to the model-less method of linear ordering using four types of normalization. The method used in the research allowed the creation of rankings for the countries. The compliance of the orders thus obtained was compared using the Spearman’s coefficient of range correlation and the measure of similarity of rankings. As the study shows, the choice of normalization formula influences the result of linear ordering, which is not due to any change in the data structure. It was proven that the quotient transformation with the normalization base equal to the maximum value allowed the most similar ranking to be obtained of the examined objects in relation to the Rother rankings. The results of the study show that Denmark, Sweden and Finland had the highest positions in each ranking while Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia had the lowest positions.

Diversity in the socio-economic development of voivodships in terms of implementing cohesion policy goals

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Danuta Michoń
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

The article aims to evaluate the degree of diversification of socio-economic development of voivodships in 2005 and 2015 in the context of cohesion policy. This policy focuses on reducing the distance between some European Union countries and the most developed EU members, as well as on decreasing national disparities in development. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the CSO data, using the Hellwig’s method of linear ordering. The selected diagnostic variables relate to three dimensions of cohesion policy: economic, social and territorial. The applied method enabled to assess social and economic situation in Poland, indicating voivodships with high development potential and also those facing difficulties. The research confirmed persistent differences in the development level between the examined territorial units

scholarly journals Selection of the method of linear ordering using the example of assessing the level of socio-economic development of European Union countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sompolska-Rzechuła
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Optimal Ordering ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

The aim of the article is to present the issues of choosing the optimal procedure for the linear ordering of objects and assessing the correctness of the selected methods of the linear ordering. The goal was achieved by creating linear ordering of objects using various methods for normalizing the value of diagnostic features. An aggregate measure based on various properties of the synthetic feature was used to select the optimal ordering, among others, the compatibility of the mapping, the correlation of the synthetic line variable with diagnostic variables, the rank correlation of the synthetic variable with diagnostic variables and the variability of the synthetic variable. The study was conducted based on the example of data concerning 28 European Union countries according to the level of socio-economic development in the context of sustainable development concerning society, economy and the environment. The linear ordering of countries using the quotient transformation with an arithmetic mean turned out to be the most correct ordering

Socio-economic Development and the Level of Tourism Function Development in European Union Countries – a Comparative Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Stec ◽  
Mariola Grzebyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Diagnostic Variables

Socio-economic development and the concept of the tourist function of areas are multidimensional socio-economic phenomena, the diagnosis of which is particularly important in various comparative studies regarding EU countries. Measurement based on GDP per capita, widely used in the assessment of the socio-economic level of development of countries, does not include many aspects of this development in its construction. Similarly, the level of development of the tourist function cannot be assessed by means of one universal measure. Both categories should be treated as complex phenomena, which are influenced by many different factors. The aim of this article is to compare and statistically assess two complex phenomena, i.e. level of socio-economic development and level of tourist function development in 28 European Union countries. Linear ordering of EU countries was carried out using the TOPSIS method on the basis of diagnostic variables determining individual complex phenomena in 2016. Values of the overall synthetic measure were also indicated, taking into account all diagnostic variables. Rankings of EU countries were built and four typological groups of countries with high, medium-high, medium-low and low level of development were created. Discriminant analysis indicated variables that have the greatest impact on the classification of EU countries in terms of the level of socio-economic development and level of tourism function development. A linear econometric model with synthetic variables was also constructed, and it was determined which of the synthetic measures is relatively more important in describing the shaping of the overall synthetic measure. The quality of the work is increased by the use of many different statistical and econometric methods, as well as methods from the field of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis. Thanks to this, it is possible not only to deepen the assessment of the studied phenomena, but also to obtain more objective results. Conclusions from the research may be a basis for proper management in the field of socio-economic development as well as for the development of the tourist function of EU countries. They can also be used for appropriate allocation of financial support for countries within the framework of the EU cohesion policy and in determining the tourist specialization of countries.

scholarly journals Analysis of the State of the Accident Rate in the Construction Industry in European Union Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hoła ◽  
M. Szóstak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
European Union Countries

The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the accident rate in selected European Union countries. On the basis of available statistical data, the analysis of accidents in various sectors of the European Union economy was carried out. Afterwards, a ranking of countries regarding accidents in the construction industry was developed. For the selected representative countries, analysis of changes in the indicators which characterize the accident rate during the period between 2008 and 2012 was carried out. Conclusions resulting from the conducted research were formulated.

scholarly journals The impact of government outsourcing on public spending: Evidence from European Union countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Alonso ◽  
Judith Clifton ◽  
Daniel Díaz-Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Technological Innovations on Unemployment in the European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Zigmas Lydeka ◽  
Akvile Karaliute
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.

scholarly journals Potential and competitiveness of EU countries in terms of slaughter livestock production

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 550-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tłuczak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Models and methods of spatial econometrics are gaining more and more popularity. Their advantage is the opportunity to examine the interrelationships between individual territorial units. These methods, apart from the own potential of the region, take into account the impact of neighbouring objects and location in space. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the potential and the level of competitiveness of individual European Union countries in the field of slaughter cattle production. In addition, the paper attempts to determine the specialisation of individual EU countries in the production of slaughter animals by sector. The analysis covered the years 2010–2016, using Eurostat data. The obtained results allow indicating countries in which there is a strong concentration of income potential (Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, France and Belgium). Countries in which the highest values of the potential quotients in the entire European Union are distinguished (Poland, Finland and Belgium).<br />

scholarly journals O2C.6 The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five european union countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A17.3-A18
Author(s):  
Emile Tompa ◽  
Amirabbas Mofidi ◽  
Young Jung ◽  
Thijmen van Bree ◽  
Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in five European Union countries for the reference year 2015.We used a ‘bottom up’ approach to estimate the economic burden from a societal perspective for Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Poland. Three broad cost categories were considered—direct health care, indirect productivity, and intangible health-related quality of life costs. The methods started with data on newly diagnosed occupational injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We considered lifetime costs for cases across all cost categories. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of key parameters.Indirect costs represent the largest proportion of total costs (with the exception is Poland), ranging from 66% for The Netherland to 43% for Poland. Intangible costs are the second highest, ranging from 49% for Poland to 21% for Finland and The Netherlands. Direct costs range from 16% for Finland to 8% for Poland.Average per case costing is highest for The Netherlands (€75,342), followed by Italy (€58,411), German (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and lastly Poland (€38,918). Total costs as a percentage of GDP are highest for Poland (10.4%), followed by Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and lastly Finland (2.7%). In terms of costs per working population, the value is highest for Italy (€4,956), followed by The Netherland (€2,930), Poland (€2,793), Germany (€2,527) and lastly Finland (€2,331).The economic burden of occupational injuries and diseases in the countries considered are substantial, despite efforts to reduce adverse workplace exposures. Our case costs and total economic burden estimates provide a basis for undertaking economic evaluations of prevention efforts and can serve as a template for monitoring and evaluation at the country level. We advance the methods on several fronts.

scholarly journals Community Pharmacies in Poland—The Journey from a Deregulated to a Strictly Regulated Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8751
Author(s):  
Marcin Wiśniewski ◽  
Urszula Religioni ◽  
Piotr Merks
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Community pharmacies are the primary entities providing drugs to individual patients in Poland. The pharmacy market has been changing for many years due to significant changes in market regulations. These changes significantly affect the profitability of pharmacies, which may impact the quality of pharmacotherapy. The small number of pharmacies, which resulted from changes in the law in 2017, can influence the level of patient care. The article presents the community pharmacies market in Poland. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulations affecting community pharmacies and the impact of these regulations on the overall shape of the market. The Polish system’s specificity, including the pharmacy market indicators, has been compared with data from other European Union countries.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX ECONOMIC REFORMS IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
I. Marekha ◽  
V. Myrhorodska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The article substantiates the necessity to introduce systematic and effective tax eco-reforms in the context of resource-oriented economic development by the European Union countries. The performance and effectiveness of the reforms are estimated in relation to the main four groups of environmental taxes: energy taxes, pollution taxes, resource taxes and transport taxes. The macroecological policy of the European Union countries is the object of the undertaken analysis. The article examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental taxes across the EU, using a correlation analysis toolkit. Four groups of macroeconomic parameters were selected for analysis: internal macroeconomic factors (nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation, business cycle stage, budget deficit, energy consumption level); external macroeconomic factors (government debt, exports, foreign direct investments); institutional macroparameters (environmental culture, shadow economy, trust in government) and fiscal macroparameters (tax culture and fiscal freedom). The economic interpretation of the obtained correlates is given. Based on the correlation analysis, stimulators and de-stimulators of tax environmental reforms across the EU were identified. It is established that the factors that positively influence on the tax environmental reforms are the overwhelming majority of the analyzed factors. The formation of indicators of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms is undertaken for six countries of the Community. In particular, the analysis covers three economic leaders (Germany, the United Kingdom and France) and three leading EU countries in the field of environmental tax collection (Latvia, Greece and Slovenia). The article presents approaches to improving the assessment of the effectiveness of tax environmental reforms based on the consideration of fiscal (budget-filling) and reproductive (multiplicative) functions of environmental taxes. In this regard, the environmental tax multiplier and accelerator, as well as the GDP elasticity coefficient for environmental taxes, were calculated for the analyzed group of countries. The criteria of economic efficiency of tax eco-reforms are proposed. Keywords: environmental taxes, macroeconomic effect, macro-environmental policy, multiplier, accelerator, elasticity

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