Impact of Cropland Evolution on Soil Wind Erosion in Inner Mongolia of China

Understanding soil erosion responses to cropland expansion/shrinking plays a crucial role in regional agriculture sustainability development in drylands. We selected Inner Mongolia, a typical water resource constraints region with acute cropland expansion, as the study area in China. Spatial cropland evolution and its impact on wind-driven soil erosion were investigated with the help of field sampling data, remotely sensed retrieved data, and the revised wind erosion model (RWEQ). Results showed that the cropland area of Inner Mongolia presented an increased growth trend, with a net increase area of 15,542.9 km2 from 1990 to 2018. Cropland characteristics in Inner Mongolia presented continuous growth in its eastern region, basically constant growth in its central region, and declined in its western region. Most cropland declines occurred after 2000 when the Grain for Green project began, which means that acute cropland expansion happened from 1990 to 2000. The soil wind erosion modulus showed a net increase with cropland expansion. The reclamation of forests and grasslands contributed to an increase of 5.0 million tons of the soil wind erosion modulus, 80% of which was produced in the eastern part of the region. The conversion from croplands to grasslands/forests caused a decrease of approximately 2.7 million tons, 62% of which was in the east and 25% in the west of the region. Considering the constraints of water shortage and over-exploitation of groundwater, we provide a path based on a balance between ”resource-production-ecosystem” to achieve ecologically sustainable agriculture development in the drylands of China.

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An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Journal of Arid Land ◽

10.1007/s40333-015-0122-0 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 304-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Yi Zhou ◽

Bing Guo ◽

ShiXin Wang ◽

HePing Tao

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Information System ◽

Geographic Information System ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Soil Wind Erosion

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The Effects of Wind Erosion Depending on Cropping System and Tillage Method in a Semi-Arid Region

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10050732 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 732 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Caihong Yang ◽

Yanxiang Geng ◽

Xing Zhou Fu ◽

Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽

Qiang Chai

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Wind Velocity ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Transport ◽

Soil Wind Erosion ◽

Semi Arid

Wind erosion is a major environmental problem in arid and semi-arid regions, where it has significant impacts on desertification and soil degradation. To understand the effects of cropping systems and tillage methods on the reduction of soil wind erosion, wind tunnel investigations were performed on soil samples from an irrigated field in an experiment conducted in semi-arid northwestern China in 2016–2018. Three cropping systems for annual spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) strip intercropping (W/M), a two-year wheat-winter rape-maize rotation (WRM), and a two-year wheat-maize rotation (WM)) were each evaluated with two tillage methods (conventional tillage without wheat straw retention (CT) and no-tillage with 25–30 cm tall wheat straw (NT)). The mean rate of soil erosion by wind with NT was 18.9% to 36.2% less than that with CT. With increasing wind velocity, the rate of soil erosion by wind increased for both CT and NT but was faster with CT than NT. Soil wind erosion occurred with a wind velocity ≥14 m s−1, and NT greatly decreased the rate of soil erosion when wind velocity exceeded 14 m s−1. W/M, WRM, and WM with NT increased non-erodible aggregates by 53.7%, 53.7%, and 54.9% in 2017, and 51.3%, 49.6% and 44.6% in 2018, respectively, than conventional tillage. At a height of 0–20 cm, the rate of soil transport with CT decreased with increasing height. The volume of soil transport at a height of 0–4 cm and soil transport percentage at a height of 0–4 and 0–20 cm (Q0–4/Q0–20) with NT were less than with CT. These findings show that NT with cropping system intensification can be an effective strategy for resisting wind erosion in irrigated semi-arid regions, thereby reducing the negative environmental impacts of crop production.

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Dynamic monitoring of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China during 1985–2011 based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Natural Hazards ◽

10.1007/s11069-015-1763-1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yi Zhou ◽

Bing Guo ◽

Shixin Wang ◽

Heping Tao ◽

Wenliang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Information System ◽

Geographic Information System ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Dynamic Monitoring ◽

Soil Wind Erosion

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Estimation of wind erosion rates of Mongolian Plateau by using 137Cs tracing technique

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Land Reclamation ◽

10.2478/v10060-008-0078-2 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 197-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yongqing Qi ◽

Jiyuan Liu ◽

Huading Shi ◽

Dafang Zhuang ◽

Yunfeng Hu

Keyword(s):

Inner Mongolia ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Vegetation Type ◽

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Vegetation Coverage ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Mongolian Plateau ◽

Erosion Rates ◽

Soil Wind Erosion

Estimation of wind erosion rates of Mongolian Plateau by using 137Cs tracing technique Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established a transect from northwest (Tariat, Mongolia) to southeast (Xilingol, Inner Mongolia of China) across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected eight sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. In the Mongolia section (from Tariat to Sainshand), the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc. While in the China section (Inner Mongolia), the wind erosion rates of Xilinhot, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Taipusi Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these four sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these regions of Inner Mongolia.

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Soil wind erosion evaluation and sustainable management of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 277 ◽

pp. 111488

Author(s):

Xin Lyu ◽

Xiaobing Li ◽

Hong Wang ◽

Jirui Gong ◽

Shengkun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inner Mongolia ◽

Sustainable Management ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Typical Steppe ◽

Soil Wind Erosion

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Study on Soil Erosion by Wind Tunnel Experiment of Semi-Arid Steppe in Inner Mongolia

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4766 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 4766-4770

Author(s):

Lan Gao ◽

Yu Jun Qiu ◽

Xue Yong Zou ◽

Ren De Wang ◽

Na Zhou

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Wind Tunnel ◽

Soil Erosion ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Erosion Rate ◽

Wind Erosion ◽

Sand Transport ◽

Average Particle

The characteristics of soil erosion of steppe in Inner Mongolia were studied in wind-tunnel tests. The results indicated that the soil in this region consists primarily of sand and coarse silt, with particle sizes mainly between 0.02 and 1mm, and it is defined as erodible sandy soil. The eroded sediments are mainly concentrated at heights of 0~24cm, and the extreme value of particle size is clearly in the range 100~300μm. Average particle size increased with increasing wind speed, and it decreased exponentially in the vertical direction, reflecting the characteristics of sand transport by wind. The relationship between wind erosion rate and wind speed assumes a power function with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9. A wind speed of 15m/s is a significance point above which wind erosion in this region becomes very large. Soil erosion rate decreases logarithmically as soil moisture content and vegetation coverage increase, and the 5% level of moisture content is a turning point.

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Research on the Marketing Strategy of Online Education -- Taking New Oriental as an Example

Journal of Management Science & Engineering research ◽

10.30564/jmser.v2i2.1922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jialu Chen ◽

Yingxiao Han ◽

An Li

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Online Education ◽

Online Teaching ◽

Large Scale ◽

Target Market ◽

Growth Trend ◽

Continuous Growth ◽

Financial Investment ◽

Marketing Mode ◽

Marketing Costs

In recent years, with the development of society and the progress of science and technology, online learning has penetrated into people's daily life, and people's demand for high-quality curriculum products is more and more strong. From a macro perspective, the continuous growth of national financial investment in education, the continuous upgrading of China's consumption structure, the development of 5G technology and the popularization of AI intelligence make online teaching less limited. The online education industry is showing an explosive growth trend. More and more online education institutions are listed for financing, and the market value is soaring. However, in 2019, except for GSX, the latest online learning platforms such as New Oriental, Speak English Fluently and Sunlands, have been in a state of loss. Most of these agencies seize the market by increasing advertising investment, but at the same time, they also bring huge marketing costs, which affect the financial performance of the company. With the enhancement of Matthew effect, large-scale educational institutions occupy a large market through free classes and low-price classes, while small and medium-sized institutions with weak capital strength are often unable to afford high sales costs, facing the risk of capital chain rupture. Taking new Oriental online as an example, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the marketing strategies of online education institutions. It also puts forward suggestions on four aspects, which are target market, differentiated value, marketing mix and marketing mode, so as to make sure that online education institutions can control marketing expenses and achieve profits by improving course quality, expanding marketing channels and implementing precise positioning.

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