scholarly journals Word Order in Complex Verb Phrases in Heritage Polish Spoken in Germany

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Bernhard Brehmer ◽  
Aldona Sopata
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acceptability Judgments

This paper deals with word order in complex verb phrases consisting of auxiliaries and infinitive complements in heritage Polish. In Polish, infinitive complements normally follow auxiliaries, but discontinuous structures occur if required by the information structure. We investigate the occurrence and evaluation of adjacent and discontinuous word order patterns in relation to (a) the chronological age at testing and (b) the age of onset of the acquisition of the majority language, German. Therefore, we distinguish between simultaneous bilinguals (2L1, n = 61), early sequential bilinguals (cL2, n = 41) and an age-matched monolingual control group (ML, n = 50). The data consist of elicited oral narratives as well as acceptability judgments. We found that both 2L1 and cL2 bilinguals differ from the ML, but the difference depends on the age at testing and the type of data (oral production or evaluation). While 2L1 bilinguals show a u-curve development, which is shaped by the interplay of delayed acquisition in childhood and attrition in early adulthood, cL2 bilinguals started to prefer discontinuous structures rather early. Only in adulthood do both groups converge and exhibit an overuse and over-acceptance of discontinuous structures compared to the ML, which is due to cross-linguistic influence from German. However, language-internal factors (such as clause structure) also turned out to impact the distribution of adjacent and discontinuous structures in heritage (and monolingual) Polish.

scholarly journals Association between family history and the onset age of essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
li anle ◽  
Qian Peng ◽  
Yue Qin Shao ◽  
Yi Ying Zhang ◽  
Fang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Family History ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Han Population ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Importance Genetic factors are important influencing factors of essential hypertension, and family history (FH) is an important marker of genetic factors. Objective To explore the association between family history and the onset age of essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China. Methods According to l:l matched pairs design，342 precursor of hypertension and 342 controls were selected and investigate their nuclear family members in the case-control study. The diagnostic information of hypertension in all relatives of these two groups was investigated. The method of genetic epidemiology research was used to explore the effect of family history. Results The average prevalence of hypertension was 23.32%. The prevalence of hypertension of first-degree relatives was 33.99%; the prevalence of second- degree relatives was 17.60%; the prevalence of third-degree relatives was 13.51%. All prevalence of hypertension of case group relatives were significantly higher than that of control group relatives. The average onset age in population with positive FH is 48.74±11.16 years old, and the average onset age in population with negative FH is 54.38±9.87 years old. The difference about two FH groups showed statistically significant (t=4.589, P<0.001). The average onset age of offspring with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma positive was respectively 48.42± 11.16, 49.16±11.12, 39.55±11.95, 39.88±11.90, 43.67±9.77 or 43.64±10.21 years old; and the average onset age of children with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma negative was respectively 51.90± 10.81, 51.17±11.04, 51.07±10.59, 51.08±10.60, 50.50±11.09 or 50.57±11.06 years old. The difference about two groups showed statistically significant. Conclusion Family history has a positive effect on the occurrence of hypertension, and lead to earlier age of onset of offspring. The effects are different among parent and grandparent in Han in Shanghai China.

The syntax, information structure, and prosody of German ‘VP’-fronting

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-283
Author(s):  
Vera Lee-Schoenfeld ◽  
Anya Lunden
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
High Tone ◽  
New Information ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Vp Fronting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Definiteness Effect

Abstract This paper explores fronted verb phrases in German, drawing attention to the difference between passive/unaccusative VPs and fronted agentive vPs. While both kinds of verb phrases have been discussed in the literature as being frontable, it has been largely overlooked that fronted vPs typically come with a certain kind of post-fronting context and a rise-fall or bridge-contour intonation, which is characteristic of I-topicalization. We observe that, unlike VPs, agentive vPs essentially need to be I-topics, with a high tone at the right edge of the fronted domain, in order to be frontable. Given the special context required for fronted vPs, the situation described by the vP does not contain new information but must already have been under discussion and is now being commented on. We present the results of two experimental studies and appeal to the thetic/categorical distinction to offer a new angle on the definiteness effect that has been associated with fronted verb phrases. We propose that a subject-containing fronted vP is associated with a thetic rather than the default categorical judgment, which means that the fronted subject and predicate form only one information-structural unit (a topic) rather than two (topic and comment). Contributing to the literature on theticity, we observe that, unlike in non-fronting thetic statements, the subject in fronted vPs cannot be a true definite. We attribute this to clashing intonation restrictions on theticity in non-fronting constructions versus theticity in just the fronted portion of a sentence.

scholarly journals Association between family history and essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
li anle ◽  
Qian Peng ◽  
Yue Qin Shao ◽  
Yi Ying Zhang ◽  
Fang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Family History ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Han Population ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Backgrounds Genetic factor is one of important influencing factors of essential hypertension, and family history (FH) is an important marker of genetic factors.Objective To explore the association between family history and essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China.Methods The method of case-control study was used,342 cases of hypertension and 342 controls were selected and investigate their nuclear family members in the both study groups. The diagnostic information of hypertension in all relatives of these two groups was investigated. The method of genetic epidemiology research was used to explore the effect of family history.Results The average prevalence of hypertension was 23.32%. The prevalence of hypertension of first-degree relatives was 33.99%; the prevalence of second- degree relatives was 17.60%; the prevalence of third-degree relatives was 13.51%. All prevalence of hypertension of case group relatives was significantly higher than that of control group relatives. The average onset age in population with positive FH is 48.74±11.16 years old, and the average onset age in population with negative FH is 54.38±9.87 years old. The difference about two FH groups showed statistically significant (t=4.589, P<0.001). The average onset age of offspring with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma positive was respectively 48.42, 49.16, 39.55, 39.88, 43.67 or 43.64 years old; and the average onset age of children with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma negative was respectively 51.90, 51.17, 51.07, 51.08, 50.50 or 50.57 years old. The difference about two groups showed statistically significant.Conclusion Family history had a positive effect on the occurrence of hypertension, and lead to earlier age of onset of offspring. The effects were different among parent and grandparent in Han in Shanghai China.

Specificational sentences and the influence of information structure on (anti-)connectivity effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN LAHOUSSE
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Copular Sentences ◽  
Specificational Sentences

This paper argues that the difference between connectivity and anti-connectivity effects in specificational copular sentences is heavily influenced by semantics and information structure. It shows that anti-connectivity effects with respect to binding disappear when the influence of information structure is neutralized, whereas anti-connectivity effects with respect to scope result from the semantics of specificational sentences. These data lead to the conclusion that anti-connectivity effects cannot be used as evidence against a syntax-based approach to specificational sentences and binding, that the analysis of specificational sentences should include both a syntactic and a semantic device, and that the syntactic analysis of specificational sentences should rely crucially on their information structure. I present and adopt Heycock & Kroch's (2002) analysis for specificational sentences, in which connectivity effects result from the assembling of ground and focus. The fact that connectivity effects are also exhibited by verb–object–subject word order in French and Spanish, which is marked for the ground-focus partition, is presented as an important piece of independent evidence in favor of this analysis.

Variabiliteit in Tussentaal

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 141-155
Author(s):  
Jan H. Hulstijn
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Longitudinal Case Studies

Starting-point for the two pilot studies reported here was the question whether systematicity in interlanguage is the same for different types of L2 behavior. We hypothesized that: 1. If L2 learners know the correct L2 rule they make more errors (deviations from that particular L2 rule) in an oral production task in which they are pressed for time than in a task where they can speak as slowly as they want, provided that they have not yet reached the level of complete automatic mastery of the rule. In other words, under these conditions L2 learners show variability. 2. If L2 learners do not know the correct L2 rule, they make the same number of errors in the + time limit as in the - time limit task. In this case their interlanguage is invariable. These hypotheses are consistent with both skill theory (Levelt 1976) and with an early version of the Monitor Theory, which predicts that, with increasing processing time, L2 output will improve due to the monitor. In both studies we analysed word order errors in Dutch (L2) made by adult speakers of English (LI) who live in Holland and are learning Dutch. The first pilot study consisted of two longitudinal case studies (fig. I). In the second pilot study 18 Ss where scored on 3 tests: 1. A knowledge test for the L2 word order rules under investigation. Ss had to correct sentences containing word order errors. This test yielded a criterion for classifying Ss as having + or - knowledge. 2. An oral production test (retelling in L2 of passages of LI speech) with restricted time. Response length was the same as the length of the stimulus passage, i.e. about 24 seconds. 3. The same test as under 2, the difference being that Ss had ample time for their responses. Each group (+ and - knowledge according to test 1) made as many errors in test 2 as in test 3 (+ and - time limit): table 3. Thus no evidence was found for hypothesis I , which, however , does not mean that it has been falsified. Two possible explanations are offered, both in accordance with a later version of the Monitor Theory (Krashen 1979). First, Ss may have concentrated on communication rather than on grammatical correctness, in both oral tests. Second, word order rules may be so hard for most learners that their performance does not improve even when they have plenty of time for planning their utterances.

scholarly journals Association between family history and essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
li anle ◽  
Qian Peng ◽  
Yue Qin Shao ◽  
Yi Ying Zhang ◽  
Fang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Family History ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Han Population ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Backgrounds Genetic factor is one of important influencing factors of essential hypertension, and family history (FH) is an important marker of genetic factors. Objective To explore the association between family history and essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China. Methods The method of case-control study was used，342 cases of hypertension and 342 controls were selected and investigate their nuclear family members in the both study groups. The diagnostic information of hypertension in all relatives of these two groups was investigated. The method of genetic epidemiology research was used to explore the effect of family history. Results The average prevalence of hypertension was 23.32%. The prevalence of hypertension of first-degree relatives was 33.99%; the prevalence of second- degree relatives was 17.60%; the prevalence of third-degree relatives was 13.51%. All prevalence of hypertension of case group relatives was significantly higher than that of control group relatives. The average onset age in population with positive FH was 48.74±11.16 years old, and the average onset age in population with negative FH was 54.38±9.87 years old. The difference about two FH groups showed statistically significant (t=4.589, P<0.001). The average onset age of offspring with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma positive was respectively 48.42, 49.16, 39.55, 39.88, 43.67 or 43.64 years old; and the average onset age of children with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma negative was respectively 51.90, 51.17, 51.07, 51.08, 50.50 or 50.57 years old. The difference about two groups showed statistically significant. Conclusion Family history had a positive effect on the occurrence of hypertension, and led to earlier age of onset of offspring. The effects were different among parent and grandparent in Han in Shanghai China.

The Effects of a Caffeine Placebo and Experimenter Expectation on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Well-Being, and Cognitive Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Walach ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Yvonne-Michelle Bihr ◽  
Susanne Wiesch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Being There ◽  
To Receive

We studied the effect of experimenter expectations and different instructions in a balanced placebo design. 157 subjects were randomized into a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two experimenters were led to expect placebos either to produce physiological effects or not (pro- vs. antiplacebo). All subjects except a control group received a caffeine placebo. They were either made to expect coffee, no coffee, or were in a double-blind condition. Dependent measures were blood pressure, heart rate, well-being, and a cognitive task. There was one main effect on the instruction factor (p = 0.03) with the group “told no caffeine” reporting significantly better well-being. There was one main effect on the experimenter factor with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” having higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008). There was one interaction with subjects instructed by experimenter “proplacebo” to receive coffee doing worse in the cognitive task than the rest. Subjects instructed by experimenter “antiplacebo” were significantly less likely to believe the experimental instruction, and that mostly if they had been instructed to receive coffee. Contrary to the literature we could not show an effect of instruction, but there was an effect of experimenters. It is likely, however, that these experimenter effects were not due to experimental manipulations, but to the difference in personalities.

Peritoneal Fluid and Plasma Fibrinolytic Activity in Women with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (02) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Dörr ◽  
E J P Brommer ◽  
G Dooijewaard ◽  
H M Vemer
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fibrinolytic Parameters

SummaryPrevious studies have shown that the fibrinolytic activity of peritoneum is depressed in local inflammation. We measured fibrinolytic parameters in peritoneal fluid and in plasma of 10 women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Nine women, in whom laparoscopy for sterilisation was performed, served as a control group.In the peritoneal fluid of women with PID, PAI-Ag, t-PA-Ag and u-PA-Ag were many times higher than in the control group. In contrast to the antigens which may be present in inert complexes, the potentially active compounds, measured as t-PA activity and plasmin-activable scu-PA, were not significantly different in the two groups, and in none of the samples was the active enzyme tcu-PA detectable. Nevertheless, the mean peritoneal fluid TDP and FbDP concentrations were about twenty times higher in the PID group than in the control group. In plasma of PID patients, none of the parameters except u-PA-Ag differed from those in the control group. The difference between control and patient plasma u-PA-Ag was statistically significant, but too small to attach any relevance to the observation.Our data suggest that, in contrast to the classical concept of decreased fibrinolytic activity as a cause of adhesion formation, intraperitoneal fibrinolysis is enhanced in peritoneal inflammation through stimulation of the local production of t-PA and u-PA. Despite concomitant production of PAI, fibrinolysis occurs at a high rate, resulting in high levels of fibrin degradation products. Since this activated fibrinolysis does not meet the demand, therapeutic enhancement should be considered to prevent adhesions.

Changes in Platelet Aggregability after Ovariectomy

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1332-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Takeshi Motomiya ◽  
Minoru Sonoda ◽  
Noboru Miyagawa
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryChanges in platelets in 48 patients with uterine myoma before and after hysterectomy with and without ovariectomy were examined. Bilateral ovariectomy in 25 cases (ovariec-tomized group) and unilateral or non-ovariectomy in 23 cases (control group) were performed at the hysterectomy. Platelet count and an appearance rate of secondary aggregation decreased at one day after and increased at one week after the operation, similarly in both the ovariectomized and the control group. The appearance rate of secondary aggregation was reflected in an intensity of aggregation at 5 min after the addition of reagent to PRP. At one month after the operation, the appearance rate of secondary aggregation induced by 3 μM ADP showed a statistically significant decrease in comparison with the preoperation value (P <0.05) and the enhancement of 5-min aggregation was still observed in the control group, while ceased in the ovariectomized group. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.05). There was almost no change in the speed and intensity of primary and secondary aggregation during the observation period. No significant differences in collagen-induced aggregation were noted between the two groups. The results suggest that ovarian hormones, mainly estrogen, facilitate platelet activation which is mediated by the so-called secondary aggregation.

PENGARUH TERAPI TERTAWA TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH LANSIA DI UPT PANTI WREDHA BUDHI DHARMA YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niken Setyaningrum ◽  
Andri Setyorini ◽  
Fachruddin Tri Fitrianta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Control Blood Pressure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension is one of the most common diseases, because this disease is suffered byboth men and women, as well as adults and young people. Treatment of hypertension does not onlyrely on medications from the doctor or regulate diet alone, but it is also important to make our bodyalways relaxed. Laughter can help to control blood pressure by reducing endocrine stress andcreating a relaxed condition to deal with relaxation.Objective: The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of laughter therapy ondecreasing elderly blood pressure in UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta.Methods: The design used in this study is a pre-experimental design study with one group pre-posttestresearch design where there is no control group (comparison). The population in this study wereelderly aged over> 60 years at 55 UPT Panti Wredha Budhi Dharma Yogyakarta. The method oftaking in this study uses total sampling. The sample in this study were 55 elderly. Data analysis wasused to determine the difference in blood pressure before and after laughing therapy with a ratio datascale that was using Pairs T-TestResult: There is an effect of laughing therapy on blood pressure in the elderly at UPT Panti WredhaBudhi Dharma Yogyakarta marked with a significant value of 0.000 (P <0.05)

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