Beyond Lithium-Based Batteries

We discuss the latest developments in alternative battery systems based on sodium, magnesium, zinc and aluminum. In each case, we categorize the individual metals by the overarching cathode material type, focusing on the energy storage mechanism. Specifically, sodium-ion batteries are the closest in technology and chemistry to today’s lithium-ion batteries. This lowers the technology transition barrier in the short term, but their low specific capacity creates a long-term problem. The lower reactivity of magnesium makes pure Mg metal anodes much safer than alkali ones. However, these are still reactive enough to be deactivated over time. Alloying magnesium with different metals can solve this problem. Combining this with different cathodes gives good specific capacities, but with a lower voltage (<1.3 V, compared with 3.8 V for Li-ion batteries). Zinc has the lowest theoretical specific capacity, but zinc metal anodes are so stable that they can be used without alterations. This results in comparable capacities to the other materials and can be immediately used in systems where weight is not a problem. Theoretically, aluminum is the most promising alternative, with its high specific capacity thanks to its three-electron redox reaction. However, the trade-off between stability and specific capacity is a problem. After analyzing each option separately, we compare them all via a political, economic, socio-cultural and technological (PEST) analysis. The review concludes with recommendations for future applications in the mobile and stationary power sectors.

Download Full-text

Research on Metallic Silicon Used as Lithium Ion Battery Anode Material

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.764 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 463-464 ◽

pp. 764-768

Author(s):

Rui Zhang ◽

An Li ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Xun Yong Jiang

Keyword(s):

Anode Material ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Lithium Storage ◽

Pure Silicon ◽

Storage Mechanism ◽

Electrical Conductors ◽

Different Content ◽

Storage Property ◽

Battery Anode

In this research, metallic silicon was used as anode material of lithium ion batteries. Electrochemical lithium storage property of metallic silicon was studied which is compared with pure silicon. The results show that for different content of electrical conductors in electrode, the first discharging and charging specific capacity of metallic silicon is similar to pure silicon. The attenuation on capacity of metallic silicon is slower than pure silicon. The lithium storage mechanism of metallic silicon is similar with pure silicon. The testing results of metallic silicon under different charging and discharging rate show that the lithium storage property of metallic silicon is better under lower charging and discharging rate.

Download Full-text

Engineering Nanostructured Antimony-Based Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11101233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

Wen Luo ◽

Jingke Ren ◽

Wencong Feng ◽

Xingbao Chen ◽

Yinuo Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anode Materials ◽

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

Sodium Ion Batteries ◽

Storage Mechanism ◽

In Situ Investigation ◽

Sodium Storage

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage due to their low cost and the large abundance of sodium resources. The search for new anode materials for SIBs has become a vital approach to satisfying the ever-growing demands for better performance with higher energy/power densities, improved safety and a longer cycle life. Recently, antimony (Sb) has been extensively researched as a promising candidate due to its high specific capacity through an alloying/dealloying process. In this review article, we will focus on different categories of the emerging Sb based anode materials with distinct sodium storage mechanisms including Sb, two-dimensional antimonene and antimony chalcogenide (Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3). For each part, we emphasize that the novel construction of an advanced nanostructured anode with unique structures could effectively improve sodium storage properties. We also highlight that sodium storage capability can be enhanced through designing advanced nanocomposite materials containing Sb based materials and other carbonaceous modification or metal supports. Moreover, the recent advances in operando/in-situ investigation of its sodium storage mechanism are also summarized. By providing such a systematic probe, we aim to stress the significance of novel nanostructures and advanced compositing that would contribute to enhanced sodium storage performance, thus making Sb based materials as promising anodes for next-generation high-performance SIBs.

Download Full-text

Storage Mechanism of K in Hydrogen Substituted Graphdiyne as Superior Anode

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/d1ta01073e ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yue Ma ◽

Xiaofeng Fan ◽

David J. Singh ◽

Wei Tao Zheng

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Anode Material ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Potassium Ion ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Storage Mechanism

Potassium ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted extensive attention as a promising alternative to traditional lithium ion batteries. Seeking proper anode material is a great challenge to some extent due to...

Download Full-text

THE SUBJECT FIELD OF INSTITUTIONAL EDUCATION: THE SENSE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The Educational Discourse a collection of scientific papers ◽

10.33930/ed.2019.5007.18(11-12)-2 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-38

Author(s):

Irina Mordous

Keyword(s):

Decisive Role ◽

Subject Field ◽

National Education ◽

Progressive Development ◽

Separate Area ◽

Economic Transformations ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Economic

The development of modern civilization attests to its decisive role in the progressive development of institutions. They identified the difference between Western civilization and the rest of the world. Confirmation of the institutional advantages of the West was its early industrialization. The genesis and formation of institutionalism in its ideological and conceptualmethodological orientation occurs as a process alternative to neoclassic in the context of world heterodoxia, which quickly spread in social science. Highlighting institutional education as a separate area of sociocultural activity is determined by the factor of differentiation of institutional theory as a whole. A feature of institutional education is its orientation toward the individual and his/her transformation into a personality. The content of institutional education is revealed through the analysis of the institution, which includes a set of established customs, traditions, ways of thinking, behavioral stereotypes of individuals and social groups. The dynamics of socio-political, economic transformations in Ukraine requires a review of the foundations of national education and determination of the prospects for its development in the 21st century in the context of institutionalism.

Download Full-text

Grievances against the Morsi Government

10.1093/oso/9780190688455.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kira D. Jumet

Keyword(s):

Sexual Harassment ◽

Presidential Elections ◽

Muslim Brotherhood ◽

Interview Data ◽

Political Appointments ◽

The Government ◽

The Muslim Brotherhood ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Economic

This chapter outlines the individual grievances arising from political, economic, social, and religious conditions under the government of Mohamed Morsi that became the foundations of opposition to his rule. It focuses on democracy in Egypt, the 2012 presidential elections, and the expectations and promises put forth by Morsi. The chapter also covers popular perceptions of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Freedom and Justice Party, grievances surrounding electricity and gas, security and sexual harassment, Morsi’s speeches and representation of Egypt on the international stage, and Morsi’s political appointments. The chapter relies on interview data and fieldwork conducted in Egypt during the year of Morsi’s presidency.

Download Full-text

PEDOT-Coated Red Phosphorus Nanosphere Anodes for Pseudocapacitive Potassium-Ion Storage

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11071732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1732

Author(s):

Dan Zhao ◽

Qian Zhao ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

Lan Feng ◽

Jinying Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Engineering ◽

Electronic Conductivity ◽

Specific Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Potassium Ion ◽

Red Phosphorus ◽

Fast Charging ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

High Theoretical Capacity

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have come up as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to abundant potassium storage in the crust. Red phosphorus is a promising anode material for KIBs with abundant resources and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, large volume expansion, low electronic conductivity, and limited K+ charging speed in red phosphorus upon cycling have severely hindered the development of red phosphorus-based anodes. To obtain improved conductivity and structural stability, surface engineering of red phosphorus is required. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-coated red phosphorus nanospheres (RPNP@PEDOT) with an average diameter of 60 nm were synthesized via a facile solution-phase approach. PEDOT can relieve the volume change of red phosphorus and promote electron/ion transportation during charge−discharge cycles, which is partially corroborated by our DFT calculations. A specific capacity of 402 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 40 cycles, and a specific capacity of 302 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 275 cycles, were achieved by RPNP@PEDOT anode with a high pseudocapacitive contribution of 62%. The surface–interface engineering for the organic–inorganic composite of RPNP@PEDOT provides a novel perspective for broad applications of red phosphorus-based KIBs in fast charging occasions.

Download Full-text

Electrochemical study on nickel aluminum layered double hydroxides as high-performance electrode material for lithium-ion batteries based on sodium alginate binder

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry ◽

10.1007/s10008-021-05011-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyue Li ◽

Marco Fortunato ◽

Anna Maria Cardinale ◽

Angelina Sarapulova ◽

Christian Njel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electrode Material ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Negative Electrode ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Electrochemical Study ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Potential Range ◽

X Ray ◽

Storage Mechanism

AbstractNickel aluminum layered double hydroxide (NiAl LDH) with nitrate in its interlayer is investigated as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the potential range (i.e., 0.01–3.0 V and 0.4–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li) and of the binder on the performance of the material is investigated in 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC vs. Li. The NiAl LDH electrode based on sodium alginate (SA) binder shows a high initial discharge specific capacity of 2586 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and good stability in the potential range of 0.01–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li, which is better than what obtained with a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-based electrode. The NiAl LDH electrode with SA binder shows, after 400 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, a cycling retention of 42.2% with a capacity of 697 mAh g−1 and at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1 shows a retention of 27.6% with a capacity of 388 mAh g−1 over 1400 cycles. In the same conditions, the PVDF-based electrode retains only 15.6% with a capacity of 182 mAh g−1 and 8.5% with a capacity of 121 mAh g−1, respectively. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal a conversion reaction mechanism during Li+ insertion into the NiAl LDH material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS have been combined with the electrochemical study to understand the effect of different cutoff potentials on the Li-ion storage mechanism. Graphical abstract The as-prepared NiAl-NO3−-LDH with the rhombohedral R-3 m space group is investigated as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the potential range (i.e., 0.01–3.0 V and 0.4–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li) and of the binder on the material’s performance is investigated in 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC vs. Li. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal a conversion reaction mechanism during Li+ insertion into the NiAl LDH material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS have been combined with the electrochemical study to understand the effect of different cutoff potentials on the Li-ion storage mechanism. This work highlights the possibility of the direct application of NiAl LDH materials as negative electrodes for LIBs.

Download Full-text