scholarly journals Fuzzy Markovian Bonus-Malus Systems in Non-Life Insurance

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Villacorta ◽  
Laura González-Vila Puchades ◽  
Jorge de Andrés-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Fuzzy Data ◽  
Possibility Measure ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Fuzzy Mean ◽  
The Common ◽  
Do So

Markov chains (MCs) are widely used to model a great deal of financial and actuarial problems. Likewise, they are also used in many other fields ranging from economics, management, agricultural sciences, engineering or informatics to medicine. This paper focuses on the use of MCs for the design of non-life bonus-malus systems (BMSs). It proposes quantifying the uncertainty of transition probabilities in BMSs by using fuzzy numbers (FNs). To do so, Fuzzy MCs (FMCs) as defined by Buckley and Eslami in 2002 are used, thus giving rise to the concept of Fuzzy BMSs (FBMSs). More concretely, we describe in detail the common BMS where the number of claims follows a Poisson distribution under the hypothesis that its characteristic parameter is not a real but a triangular FN (TFN). Moreover, we reflect on how to fit that parameter by using several fuzzy data analysis tools and discuss the goodness of triangular approximates to fuzzy transition probabilities, the fuzzy stationary state, and the fuzzy mean asymptotic premium. The use of FMCs in a BMS allows obtaining not only point estimates of all these variables, but also a structured set of their possible values whose reliability is given by means of a possibility measure. Although our analysis is circumscribed to non-life insurance, all of its findings can easily be extended to any of the abovementioned fields with slight modifications.

NEW STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR FUZZY DATA

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHING-MIN SUN ◽  
BERLIN WU
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Fuzzy Data ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Stochastic Uncertainty ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fuzzy Mean ◽  
Fuzzy Statistics ◽  
Fuzzy Techniques

Real observations of qualities (continuous or discrete types) are not precise numbers but more or less non-precise. The best description of such data is by so-called fuzzy numbers. The fuzziness is different from measurement errors and stochastic uncertainty. In this paper we propose definitions of fuzzy mode, fuzzy median and fuzzy mean as well as investigation of their related properties and employ these techniques in the practical applications of real life. Empirical result shows that fuzzy statistics with soft computing is more realistic and reasonable for the statistical research. Finally certain comments are suggested for the further studies. We hope that this reformation will make the corresponding fuzzy techniques more appropriate and efficient to researchers whose only experience with statistics is using the traditional methods.

Some Bad

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Daniel Batson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Immoral Action ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Do So

Despite its virtues, empathy-induced altruism can at times harm those in need, other people, and the altruistically motivated person. Specifically, it can hurt those in need when acted on without wisdom and sensitivity or when a cool head is required. It can produce paternalism. It is less likely to be evoked by nonpersonalized, abstract, chronic needs. It can be a source of immoral action, leading us to show partiality toward those for whom we feel empathic concern even when we know that to do so is neither fair nor best for all. Indeed, when our behavior is public, empathy-induced altruism can pose a more serious threat to the common good than does self-interest. Finally, it can at times jeopardize our mental and physical health—even our life. Any attempt to call on empathy-induced altruism to build a more humane society needs to take these problems into account lest we do more harm than good.

scholarly journals Fuzzy x- and s Control Charts: A Data-Adaptability and Human-Acceptance Approach

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Hung Shu ◽  
Dinh-Chien Dang ◽  
Thanh-Lam Nguyen ◽  
Bi-Min Hsu ◽  
Ngoc-Son Phan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Fuzzy Data ◽  
Size Condition ◽  
Resolution Identity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Limits

For sequentially monitoring and controlling average and variability of an online manufacturing process, x¯ and s control charts are widely utilized tools, whose constructions require the data to be real (precise) numbers. However, many quality characteristics in practice, such as surface roughness of optical lenses, have been long recorded as fuzzy data, in which the traditional x¯ and s charts have manifested some inaccessibility. Therefore, for well accommodating this fuzzy-data domain, this paper integrates fuzzy set theories to establish the fuzzy charts under a general variable-sample-size condition. First, the resolution-identity principle is exerted to erect the sample-statistics’ and control-limits’ fuzzy numbers (SSFNs and CLFNs), where the sample fuzzy data are unified and aggregated through statistical and nonlinear-programming manipulations. Then, the fuzzy-number ranking approach based on left and right integral index is brought to differentiate magnitude of fuzzy numbers and compare SSFNs and CLFNs pairwise. Thirdly, the fuzzy-logic alike reasoning is enacted to categorize process conditions with intermittent classifications between in control and out of control. Finally, a realistic example to control surface roughness on the turning process in producing optical lenses is illustrated to demonstrate their data-adaptability and human-acceptance of those integrated methodologies under fuzzy-data environments.

On the Theory of Thermally Weighted Electron-Phonon Transition Probabilities

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-914
Author(s):  
J. Schupfner
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Algebraic Method ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
Radiative Transitions ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Transition ◽  
Franck Condon ◽  
Refined Calculation

Abstract We present a refined calculation method for the phonon part (Franck-Condon Overlaps) of the transition probabilities of electron-phonon radiative and non-radiative transitions in crystals. The evaluation of the thermal averaged Franck-Condon integrals is a purely algebraic method and the transition probabilities we use are derived from first principles and completely atomistic. For the electronic transitions we take into account the frequency shift of the lattice and the change of the phonon normal coordinates. Explicit formulae of the phonon parts are derived and it is shown that the common transition probabilities used in literature are special cases of our functional calculation technique.

Creative Participation and the Expansion of Political Engagement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Theocharis ◽  
Joost de Moor
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ongoing Assessment ◽  
Do So

Creative participation refers to citizens’ invention of, and engagement in, new action forms that aim to influence, or take responsibility for, the common good in society. By definition, these action forms are constantly evolving and cannot be listed or summarized. Yet some, like guerrilla gardening, have over time become more established in political repertoires, and specific arenas are known to be particularly productive sites for their development. These include in particular the Internet, and lifestyles and consumption. The constant changes in how citizens become active represented by creative participation present considerable challenges for scholars of political participation—both in terms of theory and methodology. In particular, such forms test our ability to distinguish political from nonpolitical activities. However, how political creative participation is, is often subtle and implicit, and therefore hard to establish. Yet being able to do so is essential for an ongoing assessment of the quality of participatory democracy. With conventional forms of participation declining and creative participation becoming more common, scholars must be able to agree on definitions and operationalizations that allow for the comparison of participatory trends. For instance, a key concern has been whether creative forms of participation crowd out more conventional ones, like voting or lobbying politicians. Developments in survey research have been able to show that this is not the case and that creative participation may in fact increase conventional participation. In addition, qualitative research methods like focus groups and ethnography, allow for more open-ended explorations of this elusive research topic. As to who participates, creative participation has enabled traditionally underrepresented groups like women and young people to catch up with, and sometimes overtake, those older men who have long dominated conventional political participation. Still, education remains a key obstacle even to creative participation. The COVID-19 crisis that took hold of the world in 2020 has compromised access to collective action and public space. It has thereby once more put the onus on citizens to engage creatively with ways to influence, and take responsibility for, society. At the same time, the crisis presents a need and opportunity for political participation scholarship to engage more deeply with theoretical debates about what it means to be political or to participate.

scholarly journals Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty-First Century

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 394-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cimino
Keyword(s):  
Medical Informatics ◽  
First Century ◽  
Medical Informatics Applications ◽  
Formal Definitions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Multiple Granularities ◽  
Do So

AbstractBuilders of medical informatics applications need controlled medical vocabularies to support their applications and it is to their advantage to use available standards. In order to do so, however, these standards need to address the requirements of their intended users. Overthe past decade, medical informatics researchers have begun to articulate some of these requirements. This paper brings together some of the common themes which have been described, including: vocabulary content, concept orientation, concept permanence, nonsemantic concept identifiers, polyhierarchy, formal definitions, rejection of “not elsewhere classified” terms, multiple granularities, mUltiple consistent views, context representation, graceful evolution, and recognized redundancy. Standards developers are beginning to recognize and address these desiderata and adapt their offerings to meet them.

V The Verification of Technical Reserves in Non-Life Insurance

1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
C. M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
Claim Frequency ◽  
The Government ◽  
Do So

The reader of this note will know well the method used in the U.K. for the verification of technical reserves (i.e. the net liability) in life assurance. The net liability must be calculated by a qualified actuary and the methods and bases used must be described in sufficient detail in Schedule 4 of The Insurance Companies (Accounts and Forms) Regulations 1968 for their suitability to be apparent from a careful scrutiny of these and the other financial statistics submitted in accordance with the Regulations. As the data are made public, this scrutiny can be made not only by the Government Actuary in advising the supervisory authorities at the Department of Trade and Industry, but also by any other qualified actuary who cares to do so, which is an equally important discipline. Under this system, the maximum freedom can be allowed to the company and its actuary, but there has hitherto been no equally satisfactory method available for the objective scrutiny of non-life technical reserves. However, the new Claim Frequency Analyses and Claim Settlement Analyses prescribed in Parts II and III of Schedule 3 to the 1968 Regulations should go a long way towards remedying this deficiency. These analyses are to be supplied separately for each class of insurance in each of a company's main markets, and separately for such risk groups within each class as the company decides to be appropriate.

scholarly journals Life insurance company efficiency: best method and proxies

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wise
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Life Insurance Company ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Life Insurer ◽  
Financial Outcome ◽  
Do So

Life insurance is a very important segment of the economy of most countries as demonstrated by the investments, premium revenue and numbers employed. Hence, it is paramount to determine accurately how well life insurance companies (LICs) perform and how viable they are for the benefit of both other industries and national economies.Three papers that investigate LIC efficiency directly analyze how efficiency affects LIC profits. One critical feature is that they show that the inefficiency of LICs can greatly affect their (financial) outcome and ultimately their survivorship. Thus, said research clearly indicates that life insurer efficiency is a crucial area to investigate and assess and that it could greatly enhance the ability to properly monitor and inspect the life insurers.This article co-ordinates information regarding life insurance efficiency studies to help researchers learn which approaches, methods and output/input proxies to use. While some papers do so for some of the aspects that are important and necessary for life insurance efficiency studies, this is the first to deal with said aspects together. More specifically, this paper especially considers and evaluates the different methods and output proxies used in life insurance efficiency studies, as they seem to be the elements where the most disagreement exists between researchers. In addition, this article is unique in examining how input (proxy) prices are used in life insurance efficiency studies.

Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the National Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Foundation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-274
Author(s):  
ABRAHAM B. BERGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
The Common

When 6-month-old Mark Addison Roe of Greenwich, CT, died suddenly and unexpectedly in October 1958, his parents were told that the cause was "acute bronchial pneumonia." In those days, "it" was called by many names, such as suffocation, overlaying, aspiration, or various forms of pneumonia. The common thread was that all of the terms connoted that parents were either directly, or indirectly, by virtue of failing to secure medical care, responsible for the infant's death. Mark's death might have been the end of it were it not for the existence of a life insurance policy that his grandparents had bought at the time of his birth.

Richard William Southern 1912–2001

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Murray
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Deep Thought ◽  
Life Work ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

People with a logical turn of mind say that the history of the world can be summarised in a sentence. A précis of mediaval historian Richard William Southern's work made in that spirit would identify two characteristics, one housed inside the other, and both quite apart from the question of its quality as a work of art. The first is his sympathy for a particular kind of medieval churchman, a kind who combined deep thought about faith with practical action. This characteristic fits inside another, touching Southern's historical vision as a whole. Its genesis is traceable to those few seconds in his teens when he ‘quarrelled’ with his father about the Renaissance. The intuition that moved him to do so became a historical fides quaerens intellectum. Reflection on Southern's life work leaves us with an example of the service an historian can perform for his contemporary world, as a truer self-perception seeps into the common consciousness by way of a lifetime of teaching and writing, spreading out through the world (all Southern's books were translated into one or more foreign language).

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