scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Retraction Pocket of the Tympanic Membrane—A Narrative Review

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Milan Urík ◽  
Miroslav Tedla ◽  
Pavel Hurník
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Retraction Pocket ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
A Current

Several theories describe the development of the retraction pocket of the tympanic membrane (RP). Many authors suggest that the negative middle ear pressure is the main reason responsible for developing this condition. A narrative review has been undertaken, and conclusions are drawn reflecting a current knowledge with our new observations in the histological and immunohistochemical study. Recent studies show the important role of inflammation in the development and progression of RP. A review of the available literature shows that the inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis of the RP and its progression to the cholesteatoma. We support this statement with our new results from histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the RPs.

Anatomical Effects of Sudden Middle Ear Pressure Changes

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Axelsson ◽  
J. Miller ◽  
M. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Scala Tympani ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Contralateral Ear ◽  
Pressure Changes

Acute middle ear (ME) and inner ear changes following brief unilateral phasic ME pressure changes (up to ± 6000/mm H2O) were studied in the guinea pig. Middle ear findings included perforation of the tympanic membrane, serous and serosanguinous exudate and hemorrhage of tympanic membrane and periosteal vessels. Changes were related to magnitude of applied pressure. Perforation and hemorrhage were more commonly seen with negative rather than positive pressure. Air bubbles behind the round window were seen with positive pressures. Occasional distortion, but never perforation of the round window, was noted. Hemorrhage of the scala tympani was observed with both positive and negative pressures; scala vestibuli hemorrhage was found with negative ME pressure. In some instances pressure direction and magnitude related changes were seen in the contralateral ear.

Relation between temporal bone pneumatisation and middle-ear barotrauma in aircrew members

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (10) ◽  
pp. 918-922
Author(s):  
A Hussein ◽  
H M Abdel Tawab ◽  
W T Lotfi ◽  
N Fayad ◽  
N Elsisy
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Air Cells

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the potential role of pneumatisation of the mastoid and its communicating air cells in the development of middle-ear barotrauma in aircrew members.MethodsSeventy-nine aircrew members (158 ears) underwent temporal computed tomography. All were assessed before flying by clinical examination and audiology evaluation, followed by post-flight examination to detect barotrauma.ResultsAircrew members’ ears were divided into 3 groups based on barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation: 33 ears with barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation of 71 cm3 or greater (group A); 12 ears with barotrauma and temporal bone pneumatisation of 11.2 cm3 or lower (group B); and 113 ears with no barotrauma (group C). Mean pneumatisation volumes were 91.05 cm3, 5.45 cm3 and 28.01 cm3 in groups A, B and C, respectively. A direct relationship was observed between volume of temporal bone pneumatisation of 71 cm3 or greater and barotrauma grade.ConclusionPneumatisation volume of the mastoid and its communicating air cells that ranges from 11.3 cm3 to 70.4 cm3 serves as a reliable predictor of the avoidance of middle-ear barotrauma associated with flying in aircrew members who have normal resting middle-ear pressure and good Eustachian tube function.

scholarly journals Role of the mastoid in middle ear pressure regulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuneyt M. Alper ◽  
Dennis J. Kitsko ◽  
J. Douglas Swarts ◽  
Brian Martin ◽  
Sancak Yuksel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure

Grommets and cholesteatoma in children

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1000-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Herdman ◽  
J. L. W. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Cortical Mastoidectomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epithelial Invasion ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Retraction

Cholesteatoma in children may be a sequel to chronic exudative otitis media with tympanic membrane retraction but he the role of grommets in the possible facilitation of squamous epithelial invasion into the middle ear is not yet clear. A retrospective study was made of the history and prior treatment in 25 children who underwent mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma at St. Mary's Hospital between 1975 and 1986. Thirteen patients had undergone previous middle ear aeration procedures which included myringotomy, cortical mastoidectomy and grommets. There was no difference in the site or severity of cholesteatoma in the operated and non-operated cases. Of the seven patients with a history of multiple grommets three had primarily attic, and three had primarily mesotympanic disease. The latter had greater ossicular erosion. One patient with an intact tympanic membrane had grommet insertion subsequently developed a cholesteatoma. While cholesteatoma due directly to the presence of grommets is rare, it appears that children who require multiple grommet insertions constitute a high risk group and should be very closely monitored.

Experimental Retraction Pocket Cholesteatoma

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Wolfman ◽  
Richard A. Chole
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Retraction Pocket ◽  
Tube Obstruction ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Acquired Cholesteatoma

An animal model for retraction pocket (primary acquired) cholesteatoma is presented. Bilateral eustachian tube obstruction by electrocauterization of the nasopharyngeal portion was performed in 16 Mongolian gerbils. Animals were killed at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. At 2 weeks all animals had bilateral serous effusions and retracted tympanic membranes. At 4 weeks, four of eight ears had middle ear fluid, retractions, and cholesteatomas. After 8 weeks, five of eight ears had middle ear effusions, and four of these had cholesteatomas; one ear had total atelectasis with a cholesteatoma filling the bulla. By 16 weeks, six of eight ears had developed cholesteatomas. Some animals did not develop effusion or retraction because of failure or recanalization of eustachian tube obstruction. This study provides experimental evidence that aural cholesteatomas may arise by retraction of the tympanic membrane.

The Role of Bacterial Enzymes in Inducing Inflammation in the Middle Ear Cavity

1979 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth H. Lowell ◽  
S. K. Juhn
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Bacterial Enzymes ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
Host Tissues

Current knowledge of the pathophysiology of bacterial infections is elementary. The initial events leading to the invasion of host tissues are a matter of conjecture for many bacterial organisms. This is particularly true for pneumococci, the most frequent causative organisms of acute otitis media. Bacterial enzymes may account for the initial disruption of host tissues, and this study explored their role in the infectious process. As a first step, pneumococcal cultures were analyzed, and significant levels of the enzymes lipase and hyaluronidase were demonstrated. Secondly, the presence of these enzymes in middle ear effusions was explored in an animal model of acute otitis media. The enzymes reached peak levels at seven days. The third and most important portion of the study examined the significance of these enzymes in producing inflammation and alterations in the middle ear cavity of normal experimental animals. This portion was a histologic comparison of temporal bone specimens and demonstrated that marked acute and chronic changes can be induced by placing solutions of these enzymes in the middle ear cavity. This study concludes that bacterial enzymes play an important role in the induction of acute otitis media.

scholarly journals The Role of Dietary Supplements in Depression and Anxiety – A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (06) ◽  
pp. 261-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Hoffmann ◽  
Barbara Emons ◽  
Stefan Brunnhuber ◽  
Sedya Karaca ◽  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
German Society ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Dietary supplements are very widely used in the general population and there is a growing market for them, which is against the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition. There is some evidence that dietary supplements are useful additions in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This review is an overview of available practical knowledge regarding the use of supplements in psychiatric treatment. In particular, the review focused on the diagnosis of depression and anxiety in terms of supplement treatment. Methods This is a narrative review of the evidence regarding supplements for treating anxiety and depression. We searched PubMed to 2018. Two reviewers screened the citations and abstracted the data. Phytopharmaceutical attends and animal-based data were excluded. Results There are strong indications regarding the impact of supplements on the selected psychiatric disorders, but at this time, there only a few randomized clinical studies available, so evidence for these findings is quite low. However, it must be noted that there are strong hints for a relationship between vitamin D level and depression. Furthermore, various supplements have got potentially an influence on the characteristics of depression. Discussion This review summarizes the current knowledge about supplements when used for some psychiatric conditions, but the data does not provide compelling evidence in any direction. There are only indications that there is an influence of supplements on psychiatric diseases. In support of this, there is further need for high-quality studies in this field. Reviews on other diagnoses, such as schizophrenia and dementia, will be part of further work.

“EFFECT OF ANTERIOR NASAL PACKING ON MIDDLE EAR FUNCTION AND HEARING: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY”

2020 ◽  
Vol VOLUME 8 (ISSUE 1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Sachin Jain
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Nasal Packing ◽  
Middle Ear Pressure ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction- The Eustachian tube provides an anatomic communication between the middle ear and nasopharynx, and maintains pressure equality across the tympanic membrane. Objective- To see the effect of anterior nasal packing on Otological symptoms, middle ear pressure and hearing Materials and method- This prospective study was carried out during period of September 2018 till August 2019. 100 ears were taken in the study. Middle ear pressure and hearing threshold were evaluated by Tympanometry and Audiometry respectively. Results- Postoperatively two days after anterior nasal packing, there was increase in no. of patient ears with ear fullness, ear ache, tinnitus, hearing threshold and abnormal negative middle ear pressure. After removal of nasal packing up to twelve weeks, improvement in middle ear pressure and hearing threshold was seen. Conclusion- Anterior nasal packing causes decrease in middle ear pressure and increase in hearing threshold. Key words- Eustachian tube, Middle ear pressure, Hearing threshold

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