scholarly journals Tannery Effluent Treatment by Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Chitosan Modified Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Asmaa Zakmout ◽  
Fatma Sadi ◽  
Carla A. M. Portugal ◽  
João G. Crespo ◽  
Svetlozar Velizarov
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Polymeric Membrane ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Reflectance Ftir ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Water Pollutant

The objective of this work is to develop an appropriate technology for environmentally sound membrane-based purification of a tannery effluent assuring, simultaneously, the recovery of chromium, considered as the most hazardous inorganic water pollutant extensively used in leather tanning. A comparison between the permeate fluxes obtained during treatment of a synthetic tannery effluent through nanofiltration (NF270 and NF90 membranes) and reverse osmosis (BW30 and SW30) membranes was first performed. Then, a dedicated polymeric membrane was prepared by coating chitosan (cs) on a polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membrane (cs-PES MFO22) support. The resulting membrane was characterized by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Emission Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) to confirm the process of surface modification and cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde. This membrane was found to be highly effective for chromium removal (>99%), which was more than eight times higher in reference to monovalent cations (e.g., Na+ and K+) and more than six times higher in reference to the divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) studied. The reverse osmosis permeate conforms to local Algerian regulations regarding being discharged directly into the natural environment (in this case, Reghaia Lake) or into urban sewers linked to wastewater biological treatment stations. While the SW30 membrane proved to be the most effective for purification of the tannery effluent, the chitosan modified membrane proved to be appropriate for recovery of chromium from the reverse osmosis concentrate.

Tools of Transformation: Appropriate Technology in U.S. Countercultural Literature

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Peter Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
Buckminster Fuller ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Second Wave

This essay takes its cue from second-wave ecocriticism and from recent scholarly interest in the “appropriate technology” movement that evolved during the 1960s and 1970s in California and elsewhere. “Appropriate technology” (or AT) refers to a loosely-knit group of writers, engineers and designers active in the years around 1970, and more generally to the counterculture’s promotion, development and application of technologies that were small-scale, low-cost, user-friendly, human-empowering and environmentally sound. Focusing on two roughly contemporary but now largely forgotten American texts Sidney Goldfarb’s lyric poem “Solar-Heated-Rhombic-Dodecahedron” (1969) and Gurney Norman’s novel Divine Right’s Trip (1971)—I consider how “hip” literary writers contributed to eco-technological discourse and argue for the 1960s counterculture’s relevance to present-day ecological concerns. Goldfarb’s and Norman’s texts interest me because they conceptualize iconic 1960s technologies—especially the Buckminster Fuller-inspired geodesic dome and the Volkswagen van—not as inherently alienating machines but as tools of profound individual, social and environmental transformation. Synthesizing antimodernist back-to-nature desires with modernist enthusiasm for (certain kinds of) machinery, these texts adumbrate a humanity- and modernity-centered post-wilderness model of environmentalism that resonates with the dilemmas that we face in our increasingly resource-impoverished, rapidly warming and densely populated world.

Numerical Examination of Jets Induced by Multi-Bubble Interactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydip Mondal ◽  
Arpit Mishra ◽  
Rajaram Lakkaraju ◽  
Parthasarathi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Particle Erosion ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Transient Behaviour ◽  
Bubble Interactions ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fictitious Particle

Jets produced by the interaction of collapsing cavitating bubbles containing high-pressure gases can be utilized for wide variety of applications e.g. particle erosion, medical purposes (lithotripsy, sonoporation), tannery effluent treatment, etc. Among the many parameters, this jetting is largely influenced by spatial orientation of bubbles, their times of inception, relative bubble size ratio. In this context, multiple cavitating bubbles are able to generate numerous simultaneous jets, under suitable conditions, hence operating over a wider coverage area. Such multi-bubble arrangements can go a long way in enhancing the erosive impact on a target location even at cryogenic temperature (< 123 K) and hence necessitate investigation. In this paper, different configurations of multiple-bubble interactions are numerically simulated to examine jets directed towards a target location (fictitious particle, cell etc.) using computational fluid dynamics. No phase change is considered and the effect of gravity is neglected. The transient behaviour of the interface between the two interacting fluids (bubble and ambient liquid) is modelled using VOF (volume of fluid) method. In this paper, results obtained for different bubble configurations through numerical simulation are validated against suitable literature and further explored to assess the resulting jet effects. The time histories of interacting bubbles are presented and the consequent flow-fields are evaluated by the pressure and velocity distributions obtained. The same calculation is repeated in cryogenic environment and the results are compared. An attempt is made to approach towards an optimum arrangement and conditions for particle erosion.

Separation of Chromium from Tannery Effluent by Reverse Osmosis

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biman Mukherjee ◽  
Asit Kumar Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Tannery Effluent

scholarly journals PENERAPAN METODE FILTRASI, ADSORPSI DAN REVERSE OSMOSIS UNTUK PENGOLAHAN AIR SUNGAI MENJADI AIR SIAP MINUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nurul Ismillayli ◽  
Laili Mardiana ◽  
Rina Kurnianingsih ◽  
Dhony Hermanto ◽  
Fahrurazi Fahrurazi
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli

Penerapan teknologi tepat guna tentang proses pengolahan air siap minum dengan menggunakan metode filtrasi, adsorpsi dan reverse osmosis telah dilakukan. Rancangan alat  pengelolaan air siap minum menggunakan kombinasi filtrasi-adsorpsi meliputi saringan pasir lambat (terdiri dari pasir silika, arang aktif, ijuk, kapas, dan kerikil) membran selulosa, granula karbon, karbon aktif, membran RO (reverse osmosis), dan lampu ultraviolet untuk desinfikasi. Penentuan beberapa parameter fisik (bau, warna), kimia (pH, Fe, nitrit, amonia, BOD5, COD, DO) dan biologi (bakteri E-coli) dari sumber air (irigasi) dan air hasil pemurnian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia Universitas Mataram dan Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Pengujian dan Kalibrasi Provinsi NTB. Air siap minum yang dihasilkan memiliki kualitas sesuai dengan baku mutu air minum Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2010. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat menyukai air hasil pengolahan dan merespon positif terhadap alih teknologi pengolahan air. Pembangunan sentra pengelohan air siap minum diharapkan menjadi edukasi bagi masyarakat mengenai perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat. Implementation of appropriate technology on the process of potable water using filtration, adsorption and reverse osmosis methods has been done. Its design used a combination of filtration-adsorption includes slow sand filters (consisting of silica sand, activated charcoal, palm fiber, cotton, and gravel) cellulosic membranes, carbon granules, activated carbon, RO (reverse osmosis) membranes, and ultraviolet for disinfection. Determination of several physical (odor, color), chemical (pH, Fe, nitrite, ammonia, BOD5, COD, DO) and biological parameters (E-coli) of purified water were conducted at Chemical Laboratory of Mataram University and Health Laboratory Testing and Calibration Center of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The potable water produced has quality according to the quality standard of drinking water Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Date April 19, 2010. The organoleptic test showed that the community responds positively to the knowledge transfer of water treatment technology. The construction of potable water center is expected to educate the public about clean and healthy living behaviorKata kunci: filtrasi, adsorpsi, reverse osmosis, air sungai, air siap minum

scholarly journals Consortium of Microalgae for Tannery Effluent Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline de Cassia Campos Pena ◽  
Crislaine Fabiana Bertoldi ◽  
Juliana Tolfo da Fontoura ◽  
Luciane Ferreira Trierweiler ◽  
Mariliz Gutterres
Keyword(s):  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Tannery Effluent

Optimal selection of full scale tannery effluent treatment alternative using integrated AHP and GRA approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 10889-10895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish R. Pophali ◽  
Asha B. Chelani ◽  
Rita S. Dhodapkar
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Treatment Alternative ◽  
Selection Of

Utilization of Tannery Wastewaters Sludge Ash in Waterproofing Membrane: A Technical and Environmental Feasibility Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 397-404
Author(s):  
Monica Puccini ◽  
Maurizia Seggiani ◽  
Domenico Castiello ◽  
Sandra Vitolo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Tannery Sludge ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Waterproofing Membrane ◽  
Environmental Feasibility ◽  
Sludge Ash

Sludge from tannery effluent treatment processes is a by-product of leather-making industry, in which chrome compounds are the most common used materials. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects and feasibility in the use of tannery sludge ash as a partial or total replacement of usual mineral filler such as in manufacture of waterproofing membranes. The effects of sludge ash on the morphology and mechanical properties of membranes were investigated. Leaching tests were carried out in order to guarantee that the fulfilment of filler function was done in respect with environmental criteria. Besides, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was performed in order to assess the environmental performance of the waterproofing membrane filled by tannery sludge ash in comparison with the conventionally filled membrane. The performances of the membranes and the results of environmental assessment indicate that tannery sludge ash may be used as total replacement of CaCO3 for waterproofing membranes.

scholarly journals Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Raj ◽  
Sharad Kumar ◽  
Izharul Haq ◽  
Mahadeo Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Tannery Effluents ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Treated Effluents

Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.

scholarly journals A Review on the Modification of Polysaccharide Through Graft Copolymerization for Various Potential Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Jyoti Pandey ◽  
Vinit Raj ◽  
Pramendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Graft Copolymerization ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Redox Initiator

Introduction: Graft copolymerization is one of the most promising technique uses to modify the properties of naturally available polymers with a minimum loss in their native characteristics. Methods and Materials: Graft copolymerization is a very significant technique to add hybrid properties in backbone of polymers. The grafting generally initiated through the formation of free radical centers on the polymer backbone as well as monomer. Results: Grafted polysaccharides have various applications in different important scientific areas such as drug delivery, pharmaceutical field, plastic industry, waste water treatment, tannery effluent treatment, textile industry, agriculture area, etc. all of this fascinated us to summarize the major research articles over the last two decades outlining different methods of grafting, surface modification, graft copolymerization of synthetic and natural polymers. Conclusion: Various redox initiator systems viz. Ceric ammonium nitrate, per sulfate, Irradiation, FAS-H2O2 etc. is also explored for grafting of vinyl through conventional and non-conventional techniques.

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