scholarly journals Internal and External Microbial Community of the Thitarodes Moth, the Host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang ◽  
Hong ◽  
Mai ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Guo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Entomogenous Fungus ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a widely known medicinal entomogenous fungus, which parasitizes the soil-borne larva of Thitarodes (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera) distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas. Previous research has involved artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps (the fungus-caterpillar complex), but it is difficult to achieve large-scale cultivation because the coupling relation between the crucial microbes and their hosts is not quite clear. To clarify the influence of the internal microbial community on the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, in this study, the unfertilized eggs of Thitarodes of different sampling sites were chosen to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing for the first time. The results showed that for bacteria, 348 genera (dominant genera include Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) belonging to 26 phyla (dominant phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), 58 classes, 84 orders, and 120 families were identified from 1294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial genus (Spiroplasma) may be an important bacterial factor promoting the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps. For fungi, 289 genera, mainly including Aureobasidium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, were identified, and they belonged to 5 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota), 26 classes, 82 orders, and 165 families. Eight bacterial OTUs and 12 fungal OTUs were shared among all of the detected samples and were considered as core species. Among them, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Aureobasidium, and Phoma may play important roles in helping the host larva to digest foods, adapt to extreme environments, or resist pathogens. On the other hand, the external (soil) microbial community was synchronously and comparatively analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that external microbial factors might play a more significant role in the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, owing to the significant differences revealed by α-diversity and β-diversity analyses among different groups. In summary, the results of this study may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of Chinese cordyceps.

scholarly journals Diversity and Co-Occurrence Patterns of microbial Communities in the Fertilized Eggs of Thitarodes Insect, the Implication on the Occurrence of Chinese cordyceps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Xian Guo ◽  
Xiao-Shan Liu ◽  
Zhan-Hua Mai ◽  
Yue-Hui Hong ◽  
Qi-Jiong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Fungal Structure

Abstract Background The large-scale artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has not been widely implemented because the crucial factors triggering the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps have not been fully illuminated. Methods In this study, the bacterial and fungal structure of fertilized eggs in the host Thitarodes collected from 3 sampling sites with different occurrence rates of Chinese cordyceps (Sites A, B and C: high, low and null Chinese cordyceps, respectively) were analyzed by performing 16S RNA and ITS sequencing, respectively. And the intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom network were analyzed. Results For bacterial community, totally 4671 bacterial OTUs were obtained. α-diversity analysis revealed that the evenness of the eggs from site A was significantly higher than that of sites B and C, and the dominance index of site A was significantly lower than that of sites B and C ( P < 0.05). β-diversity analysis showed that the differences of bacterial community among the eggs from the three sampling sites were significantly different. OTU1 ( Wolbachia ) was the overwhelming predominant bacteria in the eggs from sites B and C. Although OTU4 ( Spiroplasma ) was detected in minor abundances, it showed distribution preference in the fertilized eggs from site A. For fungal community, totally 3318 fungal OTUs were obtained. Difference analysis showed significant differences among the three sites, while the differences were not as significant as that of bacterial community. In addition, ten fungal genera in the three most concerned Cordyceps families (Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae) were detected in the fertilized eggs, while the most approved anamorph ( Hirsutella ) of Chinese cordyceps wasn’t discovered. Intra-kingdom (fungi) network analysis revealed more positive correlations and average degrees at sites A, and Inter-kingdom network analysis revealed more positive and negative correlations at sites A. Discussion The microbial community, especially the bacterial community in the fertilized eggs, might be significantly related with the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, and Wolbachia might be the most significant microorganism negatively related with the occurrence. A closer correlation of the microbial community, especially closer fungal positive correlation, in the fertilized eggs might help for the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps.

scholarly journals Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris—A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kontogiannatos ◽  
Georgios Koutrotsios ◽  
Savvina Xekalaki ◽  
Georgios I. Zervakis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Caterpillar Fungus ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration—usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation—results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.

scholarly journals Diversity Patterns of Different Life Forms of Plants along an Elevational Gradient in Crete, Greece

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lazarina ◽  
Athanasios Charalampopoulos ◽  
Maria Psaralexi ◽  
Nikos Krigas ◽  
Danai-Eleni Michailidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity

Elevational gradients provide a unique opportunity to explore species responses to changing environmental conditions. Here, we focus on an elevational gradient in Crete, a climate-vulnerable Mediterranean plant biodiversity hotspot and explore the diversity patterns and underlying mechanisms of different plant life forms. We found that the significant differences in life forms’ elevational and environmental ranges are reflected in α- diversity (species richness at local scale), γ-diversity (species richness at regional scale) and β-diversity (variation in species composition). The α- and γ-diversity decreased with elevation, while β-diversity followed a hump-shaped relationship, with the peak varying between life forms. However, β-deviation (deviation from null expectations) varied significantly with elevation but was life formindependent. This suggests that species composition is shaped by the size of the available species pool which depends on life form, but also by other deterministic or stochastic processes that act in a similar way for different life forms. The strength of these processes varies with elevation, with hotter–drier conditions and increased human activities filtering species composition at lowlands and large-scale processes determining the species pool size overriding local ecological processes at higher elevations.

scholarly journals Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (13) ◽  
pp. 3557-3562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fons van der Plas ◽  
Pete Manning ◽  
Santiago Soliveres ◽  
Eric Allan ◽  
Michael Scherer-Lorenzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Spatial Turnover ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Multifunctionality

Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (α-diversity) and their turnover between plots (β-diversity) are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions, we found that relationships between α-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships between β-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality.

scholarly journals Turnover diversity drives large-scale biodiversity patterns in bathyal sediments of the Mediterranean Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17819-17853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bianchelli ◽  
C. Gambi ◽  
M. Mea ◽  
A. Pusceddu ◽  
R. Danovaro
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Biodiversity Patterns ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Nematode Diversity

Abstract. Understanding biodiversity patterns and how they are driven at different spatial scales is a crucial issue in ecological studies. This is particularly evident for the deep sea, the largest biome of the biosphere, where information on the scales of spatial variation is very scant. Here, we investigated deep-sea nematodes species richness, turnover and functional diversity, and life strategies at different spatial scales (from local to macro-regional) to identify the factors that shape regional (γ) and macro-regional (&amp;varepsilon;) deep-sea diversity. This study was conducted in several deep-sea habitats (canyons, open slopes, deep-water corals, and bathyal plains) over > 2000 km across the whole Mediterranean basin, at a fixed depth of ca. 1000 m. Our results indicate that the patterns of local (α) diversity across the deep Mediterranean follow the gradients of the trophic conditions, which decrease from the Western to the Eastern basins. For all of the sites and habitats, the α-diversity is generally low. Conversely, the turnover diversity changes significantly among habitats (β-diversity) and between regions (δ-diversity), showing values of dissimilarity (based on species presence/absence) between 59% and 90% for β-diversity and between 81% and 89% for δ-diversity. This suggests that patterns and values of regional (γ) and macro-regional (&amp;varepsilon;) diversity in the deep Mediterranean Sea are related to turnover diversity among habitats and between regions (β- and δ-diversity), rather than to the local biodiversity (α-diversity). These results indicate that the differences in β-diversity and δ-diversity are even more important than those for the α-diversity for the understanding of the drivers of biodiversity in the deep Mediterranean Sea. These data also allow us to conclude that habitat heterogeneity (and type) and gradients in environmental conditions, by promoting a high turnover diversity across the deep Mediterranean Sea, are crucial players for the nematode diversity levels.

Patterns in diversity and composition of the microbenthos of subarctic intertidal beaches with different morphodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
AI Azovsky ◽  
YA Mazei ◽  
MA Saburova ◽  
PV Sapozhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Similar Mode ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Diversity and composition of benthic diatom algae and ciliates were studied at several beaches along the White and Barents seas: from highly exposed, reflective beaches with coarse-grained sands to sheltered, dissipative silty-sandy flats. For diatoms, the epipelic to epipsammic species abundance ratio was significantly correlated with the beach index and mean particle size, while neither α-diversity measures nor mean cell length were related to beach properties. In contrast, most of the characteristics of ciliate assemblages (diversity, total abundance and biomass, mean individual weight and percentage of karyorelictids) demonstrated a strong correlation to beach properties, remaining low at exposed beaches but increasing sharply in more sheltered conditions. β-diversity did not correlate with beach properties for either diatoms or ciliates. We suggest that wave action and sediment properties are the main drivers controlling the diversity and composition of the intertidal microbenthos. Diatoms and ciliates, however, demonstrated divergent response to these factors. Epipelic and epipsammic diatoms exhibited 2 different strategies to adapt to their environments and therefore were complementarily distributed along the environmental gradient and compensated for each other in diversity. Most ciliates demonstrated a similar mode of habitat selection but differed in their degree of tolerance. Euryporal (including mesoporal) species were relatively tolerant to wave action and therefore occurred under a wide range of beach conditions, though their abundance and diversity were highest in fine, relatively stable sediments on sheltered beaches, whereas the specific interstitial (i.e. genuine microporal) species were mostly restricted to only these habitats.

scholarly journals JA signal-mediated immunity of Dendrobium catenatum to necrotrophic Southern Blight pathogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Li ◽  
Qiuyi Shen ◽  
Xiang Cai ◽  
Danni Lai ◽  
Lingshang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Southern Blight ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Sclerotium Delphinii ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Abstract Background Dendrobium catenatum belongs to the Orchidaceae, and is a precious Chinese herbal medicine. In the past 20 years, D. catenatum industry has developed from an endangered medicinal plant to multi-billion dollar grade industry. The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotium delphinii has a devastating effection on over 500 plant species, especially resulting in widespread infection and severe yield loss in the process of large-scale cultivation of D. catenatum. It has been widely reported that Jasmonate (JA) is involved in plant immunity to pathogens, but the mechanisms of JA-induced plant resistance to S. delphinii are unclear. Results In the present study, the role of JA in enhancing D. catenatum resistance to S. delphinii was investigated. We identified 2 COI1, 13 JAZ, and 12 MYC proteins in D. catenatum genome. Subsequently, systematic analyses containing phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, protein domain, and motif architecture of core JA pathway proteins were conducted in D. catenatum and the newly characterized homologs from its closely related orchid species Phalaenopsis equestris and Apostasia shenzhenica, along with the well-investigated homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Public RNA-seq data were investigated to analyze the expression patterns of D. catenatum core JA pathway genes in various tissues and organs. Transcriptome analysis of MeJA and S. delphinii treatment showed exogenous MeJA changed most of the expression of the above genes, and several key members, including DcJAZ1/2/5 and DcMYC2b, are involved in enhancing defense ability to S. delphinii in D. catenatum. Conclusions The findings indicate exogenous MeJA treatment affects the expression level of DcJAZ1/2/5 and DcMYC2b, thereby enhancing D. catenatum resistance to S. delphinii. This research would be helpful for future functional identification of core JA pathway genes involved in breeding for disease resistance in D. catenatum.

Gut microbiome of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, and its relationship with insect population density

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Mogouong ◽  
Philippe Constant ◽  
Robert Lavallée ◽  
Claude Guertin
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity

ABSTRACT The gut microbial communities of beetles play crucial roles in their adaptive capacities. Environmental factors such as temperature or nutrition naturally affect the insect microbiome, but a shift in local conditions like the population density on a host tree could also lead to changes in the microbiota. The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an exotic wood borer that causes environmental and economic damage to ash trees in North America. This study aimed to describe the taxonomic structure of the EAB gut microbiome and explore its potential relationship with borer population size. The number of EAB adults collected per tree through a 75 km transect from an epicenter allowed the creation of distinct classes of population density. The Gammaproteobacteria and Ascomycota predominated in bacterial and fungal communities respectively, as determined by sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal internal transcribed spacer ITS2. Species richness and diversity of the bacterial community showed significant dependence on population density. Moreover, α-diversity and β-diversity analysis revealed some indicator amplicon sequence variants suggesting that the plasticity of the gut microbiome could be related to the EAB population density in host trees.

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