scholarly journals Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (13) ◽  
pp. 3557-3562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fons van der Plas ◽  
Pete Manning ◽  
Santiago Soliveres ◽  
Eric Allan ◽  
Michael Scherer-Lorenzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Biotic Homogenization ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Spatial Turnover ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Multifunctionality

Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (α-diversity) and their turnover between plots (β-diversity) are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions, we found that relationships between α-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships between β-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality.

scholarly journals Aridity-driven shift in biodiversity–soil multifunctionality relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weigang Hu ◽  
Jinzhi Ran ◽  
Longwei Dong ◽  
Qiajun Du ◽  
Mingfei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Soil Microbial Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Multifunctionality

AbstractRelationships between biodiversity and multiple ecosystem functions (that is, ecosystem multifunctionality) are context-dependent. Both plant and soil microbial diversity have been reported to regulate ecosystem multifunctionality, but how their relative importance varies along environmental gradients remains poorly understood. Here, we relate plant and microbial diversity to soil multifunctionality across 130 dryland sites along a 4,000 km aridity gradient in northern China. Our results show a strong positive association between plant species richness and soil multifunctionality in less arid regions, whereas microbial diversity, in particular of fungi, is positively associated with multifunctionality in more arid regions. This shift in the relationships between plant or microbial diversity and soil multifunctionality occur at an aridity level of ∼0.8, the boundary between semiarid and arid climates, which is predicted to advance geographically ∼28% by the end of the current century. Our study highlights that biodiversity loss of plants and soil microorganisms may have especially strong consequences under low and high aridity conditions, respectively, which calls for climate-specific biodiversity conservation strategies to mitigate the effects of aridification.

scholarly journals Spatial turnover of multiple ecosystem functions is more associated with plant than soil microbial β‐diversity

Ecosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Jing ◽  
Case M. Prager ◽  
Elizabeth T. Borer ◽  
Nicholas J. Gotelli ◽  
Daniel S. Gruner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Spatial Turnover

scholarly journals Diversity and Co-Occurrence Patterns of microbial Communities in the Fertilized Eggs of Thitarodes Insect, the Implication on the Occurrence of Chinese cordyceps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Xian Guo ◽  
Xiao-Shan Liu ◽  
Zhan-Hua Mai ◽  
Yue-Hui Hong ◽  
Qi-Jiong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Fungal Structure

Abstract Background The large-scale artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has not been widely implemented because the crucial factors triggering the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps have not been fully illuminated. Methods In this study, the bacterial and fungal structure of fertilized eggs in the host Thitarodes collected from 3 sampling sites with different occurrence rates of Chinese cordyceps (Sites A, B and C: high, low and null Chinese cordyceps, respectively) were analyzed by performing 16S RNA and ITS sequencing, respectively. And the intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom network were analyzed. Results For bacterial community, totally 4671 bacterial OTUs were obtained. α-diversity analysis revealed that the evenness of the eggs from site A was significantly higher than that of sites B and C, and the dominance index of site A was significantly lower than that of sites B and C ( P < 0.05). β-diversity analysis showed that the differences of bacterial community among the eggs from the three sampling sites were significantly different. OTU1 ( Wolbachia ) was the overwhelming predominant bacteria in the eggs from sites B and C. Although OTU4 ( Spiroplasma ) was detected in minor abundances, it showed distribution preference in the fertilized eggs from site A. For fungal community, totally 3318 fungal OTUs were obtained. Difference analysis showed significant differences among the three sites, while the differences were not as significant as that of bacterial community. In addition, ten fungal genera in the three most concerned Cordyceps families (Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae) were detected in the fertilized eggs, while the most approved anamorph ( Hirsutella ) of Chinese cordyceps wasn’t discovered. Intra-kingdom (fungi) network analysis revealed more positive correlations and average degrees at sites A, and Inter-kingdom network analysis revealed more positive and negative correlations at sites A. Discussion The microbial community, especially the bacterial community in the fertilized eggs, might be significantly related with the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, and Wolbachia might be the most significant microorganism negatively related with the occurrence. A closer correlation of the microbial community, especially closer fungal positive correlation, in the fertilized eggs might help for the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps.

scholarly journals Spatially non-continuous relationships between biological invasion and fragmentation of mangrove forests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Wenwen Liu ◽  
Yuxin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Biological Invasion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Geographical Variations

Rapid and large-scale biological invasion results in widespread biodiversity loss and degradation of essential ecosystem services, especially in mangrove forests. Recent evidence suggests that the establishment and dispersal of invasive species may exacerbated in fragmented landscape, but the influence of mangrove fragmentation on coastal biological invasion at landscape scale remains largely unknown. Here, using the derived 10-m resolution coastal wetland map in southeast coast of China, we examine the relationships between fragmentation of mangrove forests and salt marsh invasion magnitude and quantify the geographical variations of the relationships across a climatic gradient. Our results show that mangrove forests with small size, large edge proportion, and regular boundary shape tend to suffer more serious salt marsh invasions, indicating a positive correlation between mangrove fragmentation and its invaded magnitude. In particular, such fragmentation-invasion relationships in subtropics are shown to be more intensive than in tropic. Our findings provide the first spatially explicit evidence of the relationships between mangrove fragmentation and biological invasion on a landscape scale, and highlight an urgent need for conservation and management actions to improve mangrove connectivity, which will increase resistance to invasions, especially for small-size subtropical mangrove forests.

scholarly journals Stable Soil Microbial Functional Structure Responding to Biodiversity Loss Based on Metagenomic Evidences

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaihai Chen ◽  
Kayan Ma ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
Zhiyuan Yao ◽  
Chengjin Chu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Function

Anthropogenic disturbances and global climate change are causing large-scale biodiversity loss and threatening ecosystem functions. However, due to the lack of knowledge on microbial species loss, our understanding on how functional profiles of soil microbes respond to diversity decline is still limited. Here, we evaluated the biotic homogenization of global soil metagenomic data to examine whether microbial functional structure is resilient to significant diversity reduction. Our results showed that although biodiversity loss caused a decrease in taxonomic species by 72%, the changes in the relative abundance of diverse functional categories were limited. The stability of functional structures associated with microbial species richness decline in terrestrial systems suggests a decoupling of taxonomy and function. The changes in functional profile with biodiversity loss were function-specific, with broad-scale metabolism functions decreasing and typical nutrient-cycling functions increasing. Our results imply high levels of microbial physiological versatility in the face of significant biodiversity decline, which, however, does not necessarily mean that a loss in total functional abundance, such as microbial activity, can be overlooked in the background of unprecedented species extinction.

scholarly journals Diversity Patterns of Different Life Forms of Plants along an Elevational Gradient in Crete, Greece

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lazarina ◽  
Athanasios Charalampopoulos ◽  
Maria Psaralexi ◽  
Nikos Krigas ◽  
Danai-Eleni Michailidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity

Elevational gradients provide a unique opportunity to explore species responses to changing environmental conditions. Here, we focus on an elevational gradient in Crete, a climate-vulnerable Mediterranean plant biodiversity hotspot and explore the diversity patterns and underlying mechanisms of different plant life forms. We found that the significant differences in life forms’ elevational and environmental ranges are reflected in α- diversity (species richness at local scale), γ-diversity (species richness at regional scale) and β-diversity (variation in species composition). The α- and γ-diversity decreased with elevation, while β-diversity followed a hump-shaped relationship, with the peak varying between life forms. However, β-deviation (deviation from null expectations) varied significantly with elevation but was life formindependent. This suggests that species composition is shaped by the size of the available species pool which depends on life form, but also by other deterministic or stochastic processes that act in a similar way for different life forms. The strength of these processes varies with elevation, with hotter–drier conditions and increased human activities filtering species composition at lowlands and large-scale processes determining the species pool size overriding local ecological processes at higher elevations.

scholarly journals Decoupling species richness variation and spatial turnover in beta diversity across a fragmented landscape

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Hu ◽  
Maxwell C. Wilson ◽  
Jianguo Wu ◽  
Jingjing Yu ◽  
Mingjian Yu
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Variation Partitioning ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Spatial Turnover ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background How habitat fragmentation affects the relationship between local richness and the variation in community composition across space is important to both ecology and conservation biology, but this effect remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we present an empirical study to address this topic in a fragmented landscape, the Thousand Island Lake (TIL), an artificial land-bridge island system with more than 1,000 islands, which provides an “experimental” fragmented landscape with a homogeneous matrix and similar successional history. We measured species composition and plant functional type (PFT) on 29 islands, and tested the effects of island area and isolation on the relationship between α- and β-diversity. General Linear Models were applied to test the impact of habitat fragmentation. In addition, variation partitioning was used to decouple α-diversity dependent and α-diversity independent spatial turnover in β-diversity of the plant community and across different PFTs. Results We found habitat fragmentation influences β-diversity of plants primarily by modifying local α-diversity, not spatial turnover in the TIL system. We also found area-dependent environmental filtering and differential plant responses across functional types were the most likely underlying driving mechanisms. Discussion These results highlight the importance of hierarchical linkages between components of biodiversity across scales in fragmented landscapes, and have practical conservation implications.

scholarly journals Internal and External Microbial Community of the Thitarodes Moth, the Host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang ◽  
Hong ◽  
Mai ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Guo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Entomogenous Fungus ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a widely known medicinal entomogenous fungus, which parasitizes the soil-borne larva of Thitarodes (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera) distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas. Previous research has involved artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps (the fungus-caterpillar complex), but it is difficult to achieve large-scale cultivation because the coupling relation between the crucial microbes and their hosts is not quite clear. To clarify the influence of the internal microbial community on the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, in this study, the unfertilized eggs of Thitarodes of different sampling sites were chosen to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing for the first time. The results showed that for bacteria, 348 genera (dominant genera include Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) belonging to 26 phyla (dominant phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), 58 classes, 84 orders, and 120 families were identified from 1294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial genus (Spiroplasma) may be an important bacterial factor promoting the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps. For fungi, 289 genera, mainly including Aureobasidium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, were identified, and they belonged to 5 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota), 26 classes, 82 orders, and 165 families. Eight bacterial OTUs and 12 fungal OTUs were shared among all of the detected samples and were considered as core species. Among them, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Aureobasidium, and Phoma may play important roles in helping the host larva to digest foods, adapt to extreme environments, or resist pathogens. On the other hand, the external (soil) microbial community was synchronously and comparatively analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that external microbial factors might play a more significant role in the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, owing to the significant differences revealed by α-diversity and β-diversity analyses among different groups. In summary, the results of this study may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of Chinese cordyceps.

scholarly journals Primary rainforest amount at the landscape scale mitigates bird biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1288-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urs G. Kormann ◽  
Adam S. Hadley ◽  
Teja Tscharntke ◽  
Matthew G. Betts ◽  
W. Douglas Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Biotic Homogenization

scholarly journals Turnover diversity drives large-scale biodiversity patterns in bathyal sediments of the Mediterranean Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17819-17853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bianchelli ◽  
C. Gambi ◽  
M. Mea ◽  
A. Pusceddu ◽  
R. Danovaro
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Biodiversity Patterns ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Nematode Diversity

Abstract. Understanding biodiversity patterns and how they are driven at different spatial scales is a crucial issue in ecological studies. This is particularly evident for the deep sea, the largest biome of the biosphere, where information on the scales of spatial variation is very scant. Here, we investigated deep-sea nematodes species richness, turnover and functional diversity, and life strategies at different spatial scales (from local to macro-regional) to identify the factors that shape regional (γ) and macro-regional (&amp;varepsilon;) deep-sea diversity. This study was conducted in several deep-sea habitats (canyons, open slopes, deep-water corals, and bathyal plains) over > 2000 km across the whole Mediterranean basin, at a fixed depth of ca. 1000 m. Our results indicate that the patterns of local (α) diversity across the deep Mediterranean follow the gradients of the trophic conditions, which decrease from the Western to the Eastern basins. For all of the sites and habitats, the α-diversity is generally low. Conversely, the turnover diversity changes significantly among habitats (β-diversity) and between regions (δ-diversity), showing values of dissimilarity (based on species presence/absence) between 59% and 90% for β-diversity and between 81% and 89% for δ-diversity. This suggests that patterns and values of regional (γ) and macro-regional (&amp;varepsilon;) diversity in the deep Mediterranean Sea are related to turnover diversity among habitats and between regions (β- and δ-diversity), rather than to the local biodiversity (α-diversity). These results indicate that the differences in β-diversity and δ-diversity are even more important than those for the α-diversity for the understanding of the drivers of biodiversity in the deep Mediterranean Sea. These data also allow us to conclude that habitat heterogeneity (and type) and gradients in environmental conditions, by promoting a high turnover diversity across the deep Mediterranean Sea, are crucial players for the nematode diversity levels.

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