scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU) in Elderly: Prevalence, Virulence, Phylogeny, Antibiotic Resistance and Complement C3 in Urine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Rikke Fleron Leihof ◽  
Karen Leth Nielsen ◽  
Niels Frimodt-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Phylogenetic Clustering ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Elderly Living

Background: The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) increases with age and is most common for persons 80 years of age and above and in elderly living in nursing homes. The distinction between ABU and urinary tract infection (UTI) is often difficult, especially in individuals, who are unable to communicate their symptoms, and there is a lack of objective methods to distinguish between the two entities. This can lead to overuse of antibiotics, which results in the selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistant isolates. Materials and methods: From voided midstream urine samples of 211 participants ≥60 years old from nursing homes, an activity center and a general practitioners clinic, we collected 19 ABU, 16 UTI and 22 control urine samples and compared them with respect to levels of complement component C3 in urine as determined by an ELISA assay relative to creatinine levels in the same urine samples, as measured by a creatinine assay. Further, we studied all Escherichia coli isolates for selected virulence genes by multiplex PCR, and by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for genotypes and phylogenetic clustering. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by microtiter broth dilution. Results: We identified a prevalence of ABU of 18.9% in nursing home residents, whereas ABU was only found in 4% of elderly living in the community (p < 0.001). E. coli from ABU patients were significantly more antibiotic resistant than E. coli from UTIs (p = 0.01). Prevalence of classical virulence genes, detected by multiplex PCR, was similar in E. coli isolates from ABU and UTI patients. Whole-genome sequencing of the E. coli isolates showed no specific clustering of ABU isolates compared to UTI isolates. Three isolates from three different individuals from one of the nursing homes showed signs of transmission. We demonstrated a significantly increased level of C3/creatinine ratio in ABU and UTI samples compared to healthy controls; however, there was no significant difference between the ABU and UTI group with respect to C3 level, or virulence factor genes. Conclusion: ABU was significantly more prevalent in the elderly residing in nursing homes than in the elderly living at home. Antibiotic resistance was more prevalent in E. coli from nursing homes than in UTI isolates, but there was no difference in prevalence of virulence associated genes between the two groups and no phylogenetic clustering, as determined by WGS relative to the two types of E. coli bacteriuria. The similar complement C3 response in ABU and UTI patients may indicate that ABU should be reconsidered as an infection albeit without symptoms.

Pathogenic features of urinary Escherichia coli strains causing Asymptomatic Bacteriuria during Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samane Mohebi ◽  
zahra Hashemizade ◽  
Mahtab Hadadi ◽  
Soudeh Kholdi ◽  
Kasra Javadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background Asymptomatic bacteriuria is one of the common problems in pregnancy. Pyelonephritis, preterm labor and low birth weight infants have been associated with bacterial infection. Urinary tract infection (UTI) during pregnancy is frequently associated with complications. An observational cross-sectional study including investigated the prevalence of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and its relationship with phylogenetic groups among E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria who referred to Hafez hospital, Shiraz, Iran.Material and Methods A total of 300 urine samples were screened for Escherichia coli strains. Susceptibility testing was determined by the disk-diffusion method. The phylogenetic groups and 13 virulence genes were identified by PCR. ESBL and AmpC producing isolates were detected using phenotypic methods. PCR was used to identify the bla TEM , bla SHV and bla CTXM genes in ESBL and AmpC-positive isolates.Results Our results revealed that among 300 urine samples, 105 (35%) were positive for E. coli . The data showed that the highest and the lowest resistance rates were observed against nalidixic acid (82.1%), and imipenem (2.8%), respectively. The prevalence of ESBLs and AmpC-β-lactamase, in the E. coli isolates was 41% and 9.5% respectively. bla CTXM was the commonest genotype (93%). Phylogenetic group distribution was as follow: B1 2.8%, A 14.2%, B2 61.9%, and D 4.6%. Our result showed that most of the virulence genes belonged to group B2 and also several virulence genes such as hlyA , cnf-1 , and papGII genes were positively associated with group B2. Conclusion Among E. coli strains isolated from patients with UTIs, different features phylogroups, with special virulence factors, could cause severe infection. Awareness about the Virulence patterns distribution among Phylogenetic groups of UPEC could greatly aid in confine and prevent the development of lethal infection caused by these strains.

Pathogenic features of urinary Escherichia coli strains causing Asymptomatic Bacteriuria during Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samane Mohebi ◽  
zahra Hashemizade ◽  
Mahtab Hadadi ◽  
Soudeh Kholdi ◽  
Kasra Javadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background Asymptomatic bacteriuria is one of the common problems in pregnancy. Pyelonephritis, preterm labor and low birth weight infants have been associated with bacterial infection. Urinary tract infection (UTI) during pregnancy is frequently associated with complications. An observational cross-sectional study including investigated the prevalence of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and its relationship with phylogenetic groups among E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria who referred to Hafez hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Material and Methods A total of 300 urine samples were screened for Escherichia coli strains. Susceptibility testing was determined by the disk-diffusion method. The phylogenetic groups and 13 virulence genes were identified by PCR. ESBL and AmpC producing isolates were detected using phenotypic methods. PCR was used to identify the bla TEM , bla SHV and bla CTXM genes in ESBL and AmpC-positive isolates. Results Our results revealed that among 300 urine samples, 105 (35%) were positive for E. coli . The data showed that the highest and the lowest resistance rates were observed against nalidixic acid (82.1%), and imipenem (2.8%), respectively. The prevalence of ESBLs and AmpC-β-lactamase, in the E. coli isolates was 41% and 9.5% respectively. bla CTXM was the commonest genotype (93%). Phylogenetic group distribution was as follow: B1 2.8%, A 14.2%, B2 61.9%, and D 4.6%. Our result showed that most of the virulence genes belonged to group B2 and also several virulence genes such as hlyA , cnf-1 , and papGII genes were positively associated with group B2. Conclusion Among E. coli strains isolated from patients with UTIs, different features phylogroups, with special virulence factors, could cause severe infection. Awareness about the Virulence patterns distribution among Phylogenetic groups of UPEC could greatly aid in confine and prevent the development of lethal infection caused by these strains.

KUALITAS HIDUP LANJUT USIA YANG TINGGAL DI PANTI: STUDI LITERATUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Majesty Kowureng ◽  
Kairupan Kairupan ◽  
Ns. Kristamuliana
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Elderly Living

Abstract : The increasing elderly population is a global phenomenon nowadays. Faced with this, the importance of ensuring the elderly is not only seen from a long life but also the quality of life of the elderly needs to be considered. Objective. The purpose of this literature study is to explain the quality of life and strategies to improve the quality of life of the elderly who live in nursing homes. Method. The method used to compile this literature study is by searching through an electronic database. Searching for articles is done by using the keywords Quality Of Life, Elderly, Nursing Homes, that are traced through Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal is used to assess and analyze the quality of the article methodology. Result. There were 723 articles published from 2015 to 2019 related to the quality of life of elderly living in nursing homes that were identified. However, of 723 articles, only 6 articles met with the review requirements. Six articles that meet the inclusion criteria are divided into two major themes, namely the quality of life of elderly living in nursing homes (4 studies) and interventions that affect improving the quality of life of elderly living in nursing homes (2 studies). Conclusion. This literature study concludes that the majority of elderly people living in nursing homes had a moderate quality of life and physical activity interventions and religious-spiritual interventions affected improving the quality of life in elderly nursing homes. Suggestion. The author suggests making modifications to the nursing care of the elderly who live in nursing homes that are adjusted to any changes that occur in the elderly needed to improve their quality of life.Keywords : Quality of Life, Elderly, Nursing Homes. Abstrak: Peningkatan populasi lanjut usia merupakan fenomena global saat ini. Menghadapi hal tersebut, pentingnya menjamin lanjut usia bukan hanya dilihat dari umur yang panjang, tetapi juga kualitas hidup lanjut usia perlu untuk diperhatikan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan kualitas hidup dan strategi peningkatan kualitas hidup lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti. Metode yang digunakan untuk menyusun studi literatur ini adalah dengan mencari melalui database elektronik. Pencarian artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan kata kunci Quality Of Life, Elderly, Nursing Homes, yang ditelusuri melalui Google Scholar, Pubmed, dan Science Direct. Menilai dan menganalisis kualitas metodologi dalam setiap studi menggunakan The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal. Hasil. Didapatkan 723 artikel terkait kualitas hidup lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti yang diidentifikasi dan dipublikasikan dari tahun 2015-2019. Dari 723 artikel hanya 6 artikel yang memenuhi syarat untuk dianalisis. Enam artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi terbagi menjadi dua tema besar yaitu kualitas hidup lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti (4 studi) dan intervensi yang berpengaruh meningkatkan kualitas hidup lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti (2 studi). Kesimpulan. Dari studi literatur ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti memiliki kualitas hidup pada tingkat sedang dan intervensi aktivitas fisik dan intervensi spiritual keagamaan berpengaruh pada peningkatan kualitas hidup lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti. Saran. Melakukan modifikasi pada asuhan keperawatan lanjut usia yang tinggal di panti yang disesuaikan dengan setiap perubahan yang terjadi pada lanjut usia sangat diperlukan demi meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka.

scholarly journals Extraintestinal Pathogenic and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli, Including Sequence Type 131 (ST131), from Retail Chicken Breasts in the United States in 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Johnson ◽  
Stephen B. Porter ◽  
Brian Johnston ◽  
Paul Thuras ◽  
Sarah Clock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Chicken meat products are hypothesized to be vehicles for transmitting antimicrobial-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) to consumers. To reassess this hypothesis in the current era of heightened concerns about antimicrobial use in food animals, we analyzed 175 chicken-source E. coli isolates from a 2013 Consumer Reports national survey. Isolates were screened by PCR for ExPEC-defining virulence genes. The 25 ExPEC isolates (12% of 175) and a 2:1 randomly selected set of 50 non-ExPEC isolates were assessed for their phylogenetic/clonal backgrounds and virulence genotypes for comparison with their resistance profiles and the claims on the retail packaging label (“organic,” “no antibiotics,” and “natural”). Compared with the findings for non-ExPEC isolates, the group of ExPEC isolates had a higher prevalence of phylogroup B2 isolates (44% versus 4%; P < 0.001) and a lower prevalence of phylogroup A isolates (4% versus 30%; P = 0.001), a higher prevalence of multiple individual virulence genes, higher virulence scores (median, 11 [range, 4 to 16] versus 8 [range, 1 to 14]; P = 0.001), and higher resistance scores (median, 4 [range, 0 to 8] versus 3 [range, 0 to 10]; P < 0.001). All five isolates of sequence type 131 (ST131) were ExPEC (P = 0.003), were as extensively resistant as the other isolates tested, and had higher virulence scores than the other isolates tested (median, 12 [range, 11 to 13] versus 8 [range, 1 to 16]; P = 0.005). Organic labeling predicted lower resistance scores (median, 2 [range, 0 to 3] versus 4 [range, 0 to 10]; P = 0.008) but no difference in ExPEC status or virulence scores. These findings document a persisting reservoir of extensively antimicrobial-resistant ExPEC isolates, including isolates from ST131, in retail chicken products in the United States, suggesting a potential public health threat. IMPORTANCE We found that among Escherichia coli isolates from retail chicken meat products purchased across the United States in 2013 (many of these isolates being extensively antibiotic resistant), a minority had genetic profiles suggesting an ability to cause extraintestinal infections in humans, such as urinary tract infection, implying a risk of foodborne disease. Although isolates from products labeled “organic” were less extensively antibiotic resistant than other isolates, they did not appear to be less virulent. These findings suggest that retail chicken products in the United States, even if they are labeled “organic,” pose a potential health threat to consumers because they are contaminated with extensively antibiotic-resistant and, presumably, virulent E. coli isolates.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of Commensalism in the Urinary Tract: Low Virulence or Virulence Attenuation?

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Zdziarski ◽  
Catharina Svanborg ◽  
Björn Wullt ◽  
Jörg Hacker ◽  
Ulrich Dobrindt
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virulence Attenuation ◽  
K 12

ABSTRACT In some patients, Escherichia coli strains establish significant bacteriuria without causing symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). These asymptomatic-bacteriuria (ABU) strains have been shown to express fewer virulence factors than the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains that cause severe, symptomatic UTI. Paradoxically, ABU strains carry many typical UPEC virulence genes, and the molecular basis of their low virulence therefore remains unclear. This study examined whether ABU strains might evolve from UPEC by genome loss and virulence gene attenuation. The presence of conserved E. coli K-12 genes was examined using an E. coli K-12 strain MG1655-specific DNA array and the distribution of UPEC virulence-related genes was examined with the E. coli pathoarray. Two groups of strains could be distinguished. Several ABU strains were shown by multilocus sequence typing and by comparative genomic analyses to be related to UPEC but to have smaller genome sizes. There were significant alterations in essential virulence genes, including reductive evolution by point mutations, DNA rearrangements, and deletions. Other strains were unrelated to UPEC and lacked most of the virulence-associated genes. The results suggest that some ABU strains arise from virulent strains by attenuation of virulence genes while others are nonvirulent and resemble commensal strains. We propose that virulence attenuation might constitute a general mechanism for mucosal pathogens to evolve toward commensalism.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Cognitive and Sensorimotor Exercises on the Functional Balance of the Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Shaykh ◽  
Zinat Ayazi Vanani ◽  
Fazllolah Bagherzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Functional Balance ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elderly Living ◽  
Tinetti Test

Background and aims: The elderly living in nursing homes have different motor situations compared with their peers, which can affect different motor functions. Investigating the characteristics of balance has always been of interest to researchers due to its importance in the functional independence of the elderly. Thus, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive and sensorimotor exercises on the functional balance of the elderly. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed with the intragroup comparison design, as well as pre- and post-test measurement stages in Iran during 2017. A total of 60 elders were chosen through the convenience sampling method. Accordingly, the subjects were matched in four groups after performing the pretest with demographic, physical activity readiness, and Mini-Mental State Examination questionnaires and Tinetti test. Each group performed eight exercise situations lasting for 5-10 seconds by taking the overload principle into account throughout 24 sessions. The statistical population of this research consisted of the elderly living in nursing homes under the supervision of the Welfare Organization of Shiraz, including 875 individuals. In general, 60 subjects were chosen through a voluntary method (age: 61.7 ± 7.6 years old, weight: 65.2± 16.2 kg, and height: 157.7± 6.7 cm). During the data collection, 14 subjects left the study for different reasons. The balance characteristics were measured by the Tinetti test. Finally, statistical analysis was performed through the difference of the scores of measurement stages and by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Results: The comparison of cognitive, sensorimotor, and combined groups with the control group regarding the dependent variables of the research indicated that cognitive exercises have no significant effect on balance (P=0.103), while the sensorimotor (P=0.002) and combined (P=0.002) exercises were effective on balance. Conclusion: In general, the significance of the balance following sensorimotor and combined exercises compared to the insignificance of cognitive exercises can highlight the importance of sensorimotor exercises in the balance of the elderly living in nursing homes.

scholarly journals Effect of Laughter Therapy on Depression and Quality of Life of the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidari ◽  
◽  
Mansureh Ghodusi Borujeni ◽  
Parvin Rezaei ◽  
Shokouh Kabirian Abyaneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Living

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli strains isolated from animal rendering plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gregova ◽  
Vladimir Kmet
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Animal Wastes ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
High Level

Abstract Processing of animal carcasses and other animal wastes in rendering plants is a significant source of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. The main goal of this study was to investigate the resistance to 18 antibacterial agents including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, colistin and virulence factors (iss, tsh, cvaC, iutA, papC, kps and ibeA genes) in 88 Escherichia coli strains isolated from a rendering plant over 1 year period. ESBL (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) and plasmid-mediated Amp were screened by interpretative reading of MIC. ESBL phenotype was detected in 20.4% of samples and high level of resistance to fluoroquinolone was found in 27.2% of strains. Cephalosporinase CTX-M1, cephamycinase CMY-2, integrase 1 and transposon 3 genes were detected by PCR. Furthermore, there were found three CMY-2 producing E. coli with O25b-ST131, resistant to the high level of enrofloxacin and containing the gene encoding the ferric aerobactin receptor (iutA). One enrofloxacin resistant E. coli strain possessed iss, ibeA, kps and papC virulence genes also with CMY-2, integrase1 and Tn3. ST131 E. coli with CMY-2 has a zoonotic potential and presents a serious health risk to humans.

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