scholarly journals Coal Ash Content Measurement Based on Pseudo-Dual Energy X-ray Transmission

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Xiufeng Zhang ◽  
Long Liang ◽  
Taiyou Li ◽  
Jiakun Tan ◽  
Xingguo Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Content Measurement ◽  
Filter Tube ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Wave Filter

The real-time ash content measurement is the fundamental condition for the timely adjustment and intelligent control of operation parameters in coal production and utilization industry. In the present work, a real-time ash content analyzer based on the pseudo-dual energy X-ray transmission was developed. The feasibility of this X-ray ash content analyzer was validated by the linear relationship between ash content and five characteristic parameters of X-ray. The conditions of wave filter, tube voltage, and tube current were optimized. The comparison between the ash contents measured by muffle furnace and the X-ray ash content analyzer was conducted in laboratory and industry. It was found that the absolute error was smaller than 1% for clean coal with ash content of approximately 10%, and the possibility of the absolute error smaller than 0.5% was higher than 85%.

scholarly journals Using dual-energy x-ray imaging to enhance automated lung tumor tracking during real-time adaptive radiotherapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 6987-6998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Menten ◽  
Martin F. Fast ◽  
Simeon Nill ◽  
Uwe Oelfke
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Lung Tumor ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Adaptive Radiotherapy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tumor Tracking ◽  
X Ray Imaging

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF ASH CONTENT IN COAL BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS Authors D Baimolda

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84
Author(s):  
D. Baimolda ◽  
◽  
T. Cechak ◽  
Sh. Shyngysova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Coal Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Burning Coal

This article discusses the advantages of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) techniques for the determination of ash in coal. The quality of coal depends on the amount of ash contained in it. On the other hand, ash causes irreversible environmental damage when using coal as a source of energy. Since coal is considered as the most important source of energy, coal quality is directly related to ash, which correlates with its non-combustible minerals and elements. Some elements such as S (sulfur), Ti (titanium), Ca (calcium), Fe (iron) after burning coal can have an adverse impact on the environment. Thus, we have demonstrated in this study how we can determine the ash content consisting of noncombustible minerals in the composition of coal and, thus, assess the quality of coal using X-ray fluorescence research. It also describes how we can determine coal ash samples using the XRF analyzer 123-1 in online, which is one of the most optimal methods in nuclear physics.

Relationship between real-time ultrasound and carcass measures and composition in heavy sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
D. F. Stanley ◽  
E. N. Ponnampalam
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
No Value ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
The Relationship

Fat depth over the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) at the 12th rib (USFat C) and the depth of the LL (USEMD) were measured before slaughter using a real-time ultrasound machine in 147 mixed sex, 22-month-old sheep of five genotypes. Equivalent measures were obtained on the carcasses (Fat C and EMD) and each carcass side was scanned by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to provide an estimate of composition (percentage lean and fat). There was a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between USFat C and Fat C (fat depth over the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) at r = 0.67. This was also the case for USEMD and EMD (muscle depth of the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) with a significant (P < 0.001) correlation of r = 0.55. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and was of minimal value when used in combination with ultrasonic fat depth measurements. The prediction of Fat C was significantly underestimated by USFat C and this increased as the animals became fatter. The relationship between carcass and ultrasonic measurements of EMD was poor, but better when liveweight was used in combination with USEMD. The prediction of EMD was significantly overestimated by USEMD and this increased as the animals became heavier. Combining USFat C measurement with liveweight significantly (P < 0.001) improved the accuracy (R2) and precision (r.s.d.) with which either the percentage of fat or lean could be estimated. Measurement of USEMD was of no value for the estimation of the percentage of fat or lean. There was no significant (P > 0.05) sex effect on any of the relationships. Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous fat depth and muscle depth in heavy fat animals is subject to undefined error, but still provides a means to predict in vivo fat levels and muscle depth. However, the bias associated with the predictions suggest caution should be exercised when measuring heavy fat sheep and the need for further work to confirm the findings of the present study.

Determination of coal ash content by the combined x-ray fluorescence and scattering spectrum

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 023103 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Mikhailov ◽  
A. A. Baturin ◽  
A. I. Mikhailov ◽  
S. S. Borisova ◽  
L. P. Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Coal Ash ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Spectrum

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

Polarity Determination in Sphalerite and Wurtzite Structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Polar Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polarity Determination ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.

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