Effect of Water and Ethanol Extracts from Hericium erinaceus Solid-State Fermented Wheat Product on the Protection and Repair of Brain Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Extracts from Hericium erinaceus can cause neural cells to produce nerve growth factor (NGF) and protect against neuron death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos in both pre-dosing protection mode and post-dosing repair mode. The results showed that 1% ethanol could effectively promote zebrafish embryo brain cell death. Both 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product protected brain cells and significantly reduced the death of brain cells caused by 1% ethanol treatment in zebrafish. Moreover, the zebrafish embryos were immersed in 1% ethanol for 4 h to cause brain cell damage and were then transferred and soaked in the 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product to restore the brain cells damaged by the 1% ethanol. However, the 200 ppm extracts from the unfermented wheat medium had no protective and repairing effects. Moreover, 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus fruiting body had less significant protective and restorative effects on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos. Both the ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product could protect and repair the brain cells of zebrafish embryos damaged by 1% ethanol. Therefore, it has great potential as a raw material for neuroprotective health product.

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Clonal Variation in the Bark Chemical Properties of Hybrid Aspen: Potential for Added Value Chemicals

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194403 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4403

Author(s):

Pasi Korkalo ◽

Risto Korpinen ◽

Egbert Beuker ◽

Tytti Sarjala ◽

Jarkko Hellström ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Clonal Variation ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Hybrid Aspen ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Water Extracts

This study aims to promote comprehensive utilization of woody biomass by providing a knowledgebase on the utility of aspen bark as a new alternative source for fossil-based chemicals. The research focused on the analysis of clonal variation in: (1) major chemical components, i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin; (2) extraneous materials, i.e., bark extractives, and suberic acid; (3) condensed tannins content and composition; and (4) screening differences in antioxidative properties and total phenolic content of hot water extracts and ethanol-water extracts of hybrid aspen bark. Results of this study, the discovery of clonal variation in utilizable chemicals, pave the way for further research on added-value potential of under-utilized hybrid aspen and its bark. Clonal variation was found in notable part of chemicals with potential for utilization. Based on the results, an appropriate bark raw material can be selected for tailored processing, thus improving the resource efficiency. The results also indicate that by applying cascade processing concepts, bark chemical substances could be more efficiently utilized with more environmentally friendly methods.

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Effects of hot-water extracts from Ganoderma lucidum residues and solid-state fermentation residues on prebiotic and immune-stimulatory activities in vitro and the powdered residues used as broiler feed additives in vivo

Botanical Studies ◽

10.1186/s40529-015-0097-3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yuh-Hwa Liu ◽

Yin-Shiou Lin ◽

Kuan-Ling Lin ◽

Yeh-Lin Lu ◽

Chao-Hsiang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Solid State Fermentation ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Hot Water ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Broiler Feed

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Primary brain cell infection by Toxoplasma gondii reveals the extent and dynamics of parasite differentiation and its impact on neuron biology

Open Biology ◽

10.1098/rsob.210053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Mouveaux ◽

Emmanuel Roger ◽

Alioune Gueye ◽

Fanny Eysert ◽

Ludovic Huot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Specific Response ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Cell Infection ◽

The Brain

Toxoplasma gondii is a eukaryotic parasite that forms latent cysts in the brain of immunocompetent individuals. The latent parasite infection of the immune-privileged central nervous system is linked to most complications. With no drug currently available to eliminate the latent cysts in the brain of infected hosts, the consequences of neurons' long-term infection are unknown. It has long been known that T. gondii specifically differentiates into a latent form (bradyzoite) in neurons, but how the infected neuron responds to the infection remains to be elucidated. We have established a new in vitro model resulting in the production of mature bradyzoite cysts in brain cells. Using dual, host and parasite RNA-seq, we characterized the dynamics of differentiation of the parasite, revealing the involvement of key pathways in this process. Moreover, we identified how the infected brain cells responded to the parasite infection revealing the drastic changes that take place. We showed that neuronal-specific pathways are strongly affected, with synapse signalling being particularly affected, especially glutamatergic synapse signalling. The establishment of this new in vitro model allows investigating both the dynamics of parasite differentiation and the specific response of neurons to long-term infection by this parasite.

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Primary brain cell infection by Toxoplasma gondii reveals the extent and dynamics of parasite differentiation and impact on neuron biology.

10.1101/2021.03.15.435467 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Mouveaux ◽

Emmanuel Roger ◽

Alioune Gueye ◽

Fanny Eysert ◽

Ludovic Huot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Specific Response ◽

Cell Infection ◽

Vitro Model ◽

The Brain

Toxoplasma gondii is a eukaryotic parasite that form latent cyst in the brain of immunocompetent individuals. The latent parasites infection of the immune privileged central nervous system is linked to most complications. With no drug currently available to eliminate the latent cysts in the brain of infected hosts, the consequences of neurons long-term infection are unknown. It has long been known that T. gondii specifically differentiate into a latent form (bradyzoite) in neurons, but how the infected neuron is responding to the infection remain to be elucidated. We have established a new in vitro model resulting in the production of fully mature bradyzoites cysts in brain cells. Using dual, host and parasite, RNA-seq we characterized the dynamics of differentiation of the parasite, revealing the involvement of key pathways in this process. Moreover, we identified how the infected brain cells responded to the parasite infection revealing the drastic changes that take place. We showed that neuronal specific pathways are strongly affected, with synapse signaling being particularly affected, especially glutamatergic synapse. The establishment of this new in vitro model allows to investigate both the dynamics of the parasite differentiation and the specific response of neurons to the long term infection by this parasite.

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High Vulnerability of Oligodendrocytes to Oxidative Stress Induced by Ultrafine Urban Particles

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10010004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Ji Young Kim ◽

Jin-Hee Kim ◽

Yong-Dae Kim ◽

Je Hoon Seo

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

White Matter ◽

Cortical Neurons ◽

Cell Types ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Fluoro Jade B ◽

The Brain ◽

Brain Cell Types

Oligodendrocytes, myelin-forming cells in the brain, are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Recent work indicates that air pollution causes demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, little is known about the mechanism of toxicity of ultrafine particulate matters (PMs) to oligodendrocytes. Here, we aimed to determine whether oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (mOLs) are more vulnerable to ultrafine urban PMs (uf-UPs) than other types of brain cells and damage to adult OPCs and mOLs in the mouse brain exposed to uf-UPs. For in vitro experiments, following exposure to various concentrations (2, 20, and 200 μg/mL) of uf-UPs, we measured survival rates, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the total antioxidant capacities (TACs) of brain cells isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. For animal experiments, after a four-week exposure to a uf-UP suspension (20 μL, 0.4 mg/mL), we enumerated the number of damaged cells and typed damaged cells in the white matter of the cerebellum of uf-UP-exposed mice. MTT assays and Hoechst staining demonstrated that OPCs and mOLs were more vulnerable to uf-UP-induced damage than astrocytes and cortical neurons at 2, 20, and 200 μg/mL of uf-UPs examined in this study (p < 0.05). Damage to OPCs and mOLs depended on uf-UP concentration. DCF assays and DHE staining indicated that the amount of ROS generated in OPCs and mOLs was significantly higher than in other brain cell types (p < 0.05). In contrast, TAC values in OPCs and mOLs were significantly lower than those of other brain cell types (p < 0.05). Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive cells in the cerebellar white matter of the uf-UP-exposed group were significantly greater in number relative to the control group. Double immunofluorescence indicated that FJB-positive cells are NG2-positive adult OPCs and carbon anhydrase II-positive mOLs. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress induced by uf-UPs in the brain impairs adult OPCs and mOLs, causing demyelination and reducing the capacity for remyelination.

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Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100077591 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 804-805

Author(s):

Hannah R. Brown ◽

Tammy L. Donato ◽

Halldor Thormar

Keyword(s):

Measles Virus ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽

Protein A ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

A Cell ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

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Biological response of the organism to the introduction of metal nanocomposites

Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology ◽

10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-761-762 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 761-762

Author(s):

L. M. Sosedova ◽

V. S. Rukavishnikov ◽

E. A. Titov

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Programmed Cell Death ◽

Biological Response ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Metal Nanocomposites ◽

The Brain

The results of a study on rats toxicity of nanoparticles of metals bismuth, gadolinium and silver encapsulated in a natural biopolymer matrix arabinogalactan are presented. When intake of nanocomposite of silver revealed the readiness of the brain cell to apoptosis. The effect of bismuth and gadolinium nanocomposites did not cause an increase in the process of programmed cell death.

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