Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Tammy L. Donato ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

Use of Protein a Conjugated to Peroxidase to Localize Immunoglobulin G in SSPE Ferret Brain

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Anthony F. Nostro ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Sspe Virus ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Brain

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a slowly progressing disease of the CNS in children which is caused by measles virus. Ferrets immunized with measles virus prior to inoculation with the cell associated, syncytiogenic D.R. strain of SSPE virus exhibit characteristics very similar to the human disease. Measles virus nucleocapsids are present, high measles antibody titers are found in the sera and inflammatory lesions are prominent in the brains. Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) is present in the brain,and IgG/ albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS.

scholarly journals Immunological studies of subacute measles encephalitis in ferrets: similarities to human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-604
Author(s):  
P D Mehta ◽  
H Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Oligoclonal Bands ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Brain Extracts ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Virus Strains

Ferrets inoculated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus strains D.R. and Biken developed a subacute encephalitis. Brain extracts, at neutral pH, from these ferrets showed high measles antibody titers, increased concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), and higher IgG/albumin ratios than those of controls. Although the brain extracts of subacute encephalitic animals showed significant synthesis of measles-specific IgG (20 to 60% of the total IgG) within the central nervous system, the electrophoretic patterns of these extracts did not show oligoclonal bands in the gamma-globulin region. Brain residues from most ferrets with subacute encephalitis, when eluted at low pH, demonstrated the presence of bound measles-specific antibodies. Excluding the electrophoresis data, other results are identical to those seen in human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, indicating that the subacute encephalitis in ferrets may serve as a model for human subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Acute Measles Encephalitis in Children With Immunosuppression

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
Jean Aicardi ◽  
Francoise Goutieres ◽  
Maria-Leonor Arsenio-Nunes ◽  
Pierre Lebon
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Epilepsia Partialis Continua ◽  
Fatal Course ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Four cases of encephalitis occurring in children treated for lymphatic malignancies by immunosuppressive drugs are reported. Measles virus was isolated from the brain in one case and identified immunologically in another. Nucleocapsids identical to those seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were demonstrated in three cases. Severe immunosuppression was evidenced in two patients by failure of rosette formation and low phytohemagglutinin tests. Pathologically, the inflammatory reaction was absent in one brain and moderate in two. Clinically, epilepsia partialis continua was a prominent feature in three patients. A history of measles or of contact was elicited in three cases, five weeks to three months before onset. All cases ran an acute fatal course. Measles virus can behave as an opportunistic invader of the central nervous system in children and the diagnosis of measles encephalitis should be considered in immunosuppressed patients.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and brain stem involvement: a rare combination

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e236538
Author(s):  
Heena Kathuria ◽  
Nandita Prabhat ◽  
Ritu Shree ◽  
Rajveer Singh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Mri Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Children And Young Adolescents ◽  
Atypical Presentations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Extensive Involvement

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive lethal neurological inflammatory disease due to persistent, wild measles virus infection in the central nervous system that is seen most frequently in children and young adolescents. Atypical presentations are seen in up to 10% of cases. Most frequently and severely affected region in the brain is the parieto-occipital region of the brain. Less commonly involved organs are the cerebellum, basal ganglia and corpus callosum. Brainstem involvement is rare and usually occurs when other areas of brain are involved along with it. Here, we describe an unusual male patient of 15 years age, having SSPE with MRI of brain showing extensive involvement of brainstem with no significant involvement of other cortical structures of the brain. It is very rarely described in SSPE, but one should be vigilant about such involvement of brainstem and cerebellum, and SSPE should not be missed when brainstem hyperintensities are seen in MRI brain with or without other region of the brain to avoid misdiagnosis.

scholarly journals Fungal colonization of the brain: anatomopathological aspects of neurological cryptococcosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1293-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA CAROLINE COLOMBO ◽  
MARCIO L. RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain

Brain infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans results in an estimated 500,000 human deaths per annum. Colonization of the central nervous system (CNS) by C. neoformans causes different clinical syndromes that involve interaction of a number of fungal components with distinct brain cells. In this manuscript, our literature review confirmed the notion that the Cryptococcus field is expanding rapidly, but also suggested that studies on neuropathogenesis still represent a small fraction of basic research activity in the field. We therefore discussed anatomical and physiological aspects of the brain during infection by C. neoformans, in addition to mechanisms by which brain resident cells interact with the fungus. This review suggests that multiple efforts are necessary to improve the knowledge on how C. neoformans affects brain cells, in order to enable the generation of new therapeutic tools in a near future.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Otak Anak Usia Dini dalam Mengenal Calistung

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-222
Author(s):  
Zulfatun Anisah
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Child's Brain

The introduction of calistung in AUD focuses on brain optimization of children. The child's brain has a trillion brain cells and trillions of brain-nerve cell connections. Brain nerves. influenced by the number of myelin that awakened at the age of 0-2 years which will determine the ability of abstract thinking, scientific thinking at the formal stage of operations. The backbone and cerebral cortex are the central nervous system for humans. the physical body of the child can be trained through mild exercise. Other parts of the brain in the form of cerebral cortex handle the functions of intellectual and language. Parents or nannies can provide stimulation as needed. The results suggest that children from families with high language intake received higher IQ scores at age three. So is the case with children who get more cognitive stimulation, they are more skilled in language activities. Age of AUD precisely began to learn to read if it has reached the mental age, ie 5-5.5 years.

scholarly journals Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis. Report of a case successfully treated with Itraconazol

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. VILLA ◽  
Angela TOBÓN ◽  
Antonio RESTREPO ◽  
Daniel CALLE ◽  
David S. ROSERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
The Brain

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a primary pulmonary infection that often disseminates to other organs and systems. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is rare and due to the fact that both clinical alertness and establishment of the diagnosis are delayed, the disease progresses causing serious problems. We report here a case of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM), observed in a 55 year-old male, who consulted due to neurological symptoms (left hemiparesis, paresthesias, right palpebral ptosis, headache, vomiting and tonic clonic seizures) of a month duration. Upon physical examination, an ulcerated granulomatous lesion was observed in the abdomen. To confirm the diagnosis a stereotactic biopsy was taken; additionally, mycological tests from the ulcerated lesion and a bronchoalveolar lavage were performed. In the latter specimens, P. brasiliensis yeast cells were visualized and later on, the brain biopsy revealed the presence of the fungus. Treatment with itraconazole (ITZ) was initiated but clinical improvement was unremarkable; due to the fact that the patient was taking sodium valproate for seizure control, drug interactions were suspected and confirmed by absence of ITZ plasma levels. The latter medication was changed to clonazepam and after several weeks, clinical improvement began to be noticed and was accompanied by diminishing P. brasiliensis antigen and antibody titers. In the PCM endemic areas, CNS involvement should be considered more often and the efficacy of itraconazole therapy should also be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Cell-to-Cell Measles Virus Spread between Human Neurons Is Dependent on Hemagglutinin and Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuma Sato ◽  
Shumpei Watanabe ◽  
Yoshinari Fukuda ◽  
Takao Hashiguchi ◽  
Yusuke Yanagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
F Protein ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Nt2 Neurons

ABSTRACTMeasles virus (MV) usually causes acute infection but in rare cases persists in the brain, resulting in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since human neurons, an important target affected in the disease, do not express the known MV receptors (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [SLAM] and nectin 4), how MV infects neurons and spreads between them is unknown. Recent studies have shown that many virus strains isolated from SSPE patients possess substitutions in the extracellular domain of the fusion (F) protein which confer enhanced fusion activity. Hyperfusogenic viruses with such mutations, unlike the wild-type MV, can induce cell-cell fusion even in SLAM- and nectin 4-negative cells and spread efficiently in human primary neurons and the brains of animal models. We show here that a hyperfusogenic mutant MV, IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP (IC323 with a fusion-enhancing T461I substitution in the F protein and expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein), but not the wild-type MV, spreads in differentiated NT2 cells, a widely used human neuron model. Confocal time-lapse imaging revealed the cell-to-cell spread of IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP between NT2 neurons without syncytium formation. The production of virus particles was strongly suppressed in NT2 neurons, also supporting cell-to-cell viral transmission. The spread of IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP was inhibited by a fusion inhibitor peptide as well as by some but not all of the anti-hemagglutinin antibodies which neutralize SLAM- or nectin-4-dependent MV infection, suggesting the presence of a distinct neuronal receptor. Our results indicate that MV spreads in a cell-to-cell manner between human neurons without causing syncytium formation and that the spread is dependent on the hyperfusogenic F protein, the hemagglutinin, and the putative neuronal receptor for MV.IMPORTANCEMeasles virus (MV), in rare cases, persists in the human central nervous system (CNS) and causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) several years after acute infection. This neurological complication is almost always fatal, and there is currently no effective treatment for it. Mechanisms by which MV invades the CNS and causes the disease remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that fusion-enhancing substitutions in the fusion protein of MVs isolated from SSPE patients contribute to MV spread in neurons. In this study, we demonstrate that MV bearing the hyperfusogenic mutant fusion protein spreads between human neurons in a cell-to-cell manner. Spread of the virus was inhibited by a fusion inhibitor peptide and antibodies against the MV hemagglutinin, indicating that both the hemagglutinin and hyperfusogenic fusion protein play important roles in MV spread between human neurons. The findings help us better understand the disease process of SSPE.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence to Measles Virus after Vaccination or Natural Infection in an Adult Population, in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Anichini ◽  
Claudia Gandolfo ◽  
Simonetta Fabrizi ◽  
Giovan Battista Miceli ◽  
Chiara Terrosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Serological Status ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine

An increase in measles cases worldwide, with outbreaks, has been registered in the last few years, despite the availability of a safe and highly efficacious vaccine. In addition to an inadequate vaccination coverage, even in high-income European countries studies proved that some vaccinated people were also found seronegative years after vaccination, thus increasing the number of people susceptible to measles infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunization status and the seroprevalence of measles antibodies among 1092 healthy adults, either vaccinated or naturally infected, in order to investigate the persistence of anti-measles IgG. Among subjects who received two doses of measles vaccine, the neutralizing antibody titer tended to decline over time. In addition, data collected from a neutralization assay performed on 110 healthy vaccinated subjects suggested an inverse correlation between neutralizing antibody titers and the time elapsed between the two vaccinations, with a significant decline in the neutralizing titer when the interval between the two doses was ≥11 years. On the basis of these results, monitoring the serological status of the population 10–12 years after vaccination could be important both to limit the number of people who are potentially susceptible to measles, despite the high efficacy of MMR vaccine, and to recommend a booster vaccine for the seronegatives.

scholarly journals Hyponatremia – unfavourable prognostic factor in hepatic cirrhosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Aurelia Enescu ◽  
F. Petrescu ◽  
P. Mitruţ ◽  
V. Pădureanu ◽  
Octavia Ileana Petrescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Hepatic Disease ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Hepatic Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Unfavourable Prognostic Factor

Abstract Hyponatremia is defined by a level of Na in serum below or equal to 136 mEq/L while in hepatic cirrhosis it is classically considered as relevant only at a level of Na below 130 mEq/L. Hyponatremia frequently occurs in patients with end-stage hepatic disease. The frequency and severity are variable but it has been estimated that it occurs with a frequency of 57% in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and in those on waiting lists for hepatic transplants. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia are related to dysfunctions of the central nervous system, due to migration of the water from intravascular space to the brain cells, resulting in the occurrence of cerebral edema. Therapeutic options in hyponatremia are limited and are based on restriction of water consumption, exclusion of diuretics and vaptans. Hepatic transplant remains the only definitive treatment for end-stage hepatic diseases in which hyponatremia has occurred.

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