scholarly journals Estimation of Salt Intake Assessed by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion among Somali Adults in Oslo, Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sairah Chen ◽  
Cecilie Dahl ◽  
Haakon Meyer ◽  
Ahmed Madar
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

High dietary salt intake is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The migration of Somalis from East Africa to Norway may have altered their dietary habits, making them vulnerable to adverse health outcomes. Since little is known about the lifestyle and health status of this population, the purpose of our study was to estimate salt intake in Somali adults in Oslo, Norway. In this cross-sectional study, we included 161 Somali adults (76 men, 86 women) from the Sagene borough in Oslo, Norway. Sodium and potassium excretion was assessed through the collection of 24-hour urine. Creatinine-based exclusions were made to ensure completeness of urine collections. Sodium excretion corresponding to an estimated dietary salt intake of 8.66 ± 3.33 g/24 h was found in men and 7.39 ± 3.64 g/24 h in women (p = 0.013). An estimated 72% of participants consumed >5 g salt/day. The Na:K ratio was 2.5 ± 1.2 in men and 2.4 ± 1.1 in women (p = 0.665). In conclusion, estimated salt intake was, while above the WHO recommendation, within the lower range of estimated salt intakes globally and in Western Europe. Further research is required to assess the health benefits of sodium reduction in this Somali immigrant population.

scholarly journals Dietary salt intake assessed by 24 h urinary sodium excretion in Australian schoolchildren aged 5–13 years

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1789-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carley A Grimes ◽  
Lynn J Riddell ◽  
Karen J Campbell ◽  
Caryl A Nowson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
School Day

AbstractObjectiveTo measure total daily salt intake using 24 h urinary Na excretion within a sample of Victorian schoolchildren aged 5–13 years and to assess discretionary salt use habits of children and parents.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingCompleted within a convenience sample of independent primary schools (n9) located in Victoria, Australia.SubjectsTwo hundred and sixty children completed a 24 h urine collection over a school (34 %) or non-school day (66 %). Samples deemed incomplete (n18), an over-collection (n1) or that were incorrectly processed at the laboratory (n3) were excluded.ResultsThe sample comprised 120 boys and 118 girls with a mean age of 9·8 (sd1·7) years. The average 24 h urinary Na excretion (n238) was 103 (sd43) mmol/24 h (salt equivalent 6·0 (sd2·5) g/d). Daily Na excretion did not differ by sex; boys 105 (sd46) mmol/24 h (salt equivalent 6·1 (sd2·7) g/d) and girls 100 (sd41) mmol/24 h (salt equivalent 5·9 (sd2·4) g/d;P= 0·38). Sixty-nine per cent of children (n164) exceeded the recommended daily Upper Limit for Na. Reported discretionary salt use was common: two-thirds of parents reported adding salt during cooking and almost half of children reported adding salt at the table.ConclusionsThe majority of children had salt intakes exceeding the recommended daily Upper Limit. Strategies to lower salt intake in children are urgently required, and should include product reformulation of lower-sodium food products combined with interventions targeting discretionary salt use within the home.

scholarly journals Urine Spot Samples Can Be Used to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Rios-Leyvraz ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
René Tabin ◽  
Bernard Genin ◽  
Michel Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Individual Level

ABSTRACT Background The gold standard to assess salt intake is 24-h urine collections. Use of a urine spot sample can be a simpler alternative, especially when the goal is to assess sodium intake at the population level. Several equations to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from urine spot samples have been tested in adults, but not in children. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the ability of several equations and urine spot samples to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in children. Methods A cross-sectional study of children between 6 and 16 y of age was conducted. Each child collected one 24-h urine sample and 3 timed urine spot samples, i.e., evening (last void before going to bed), overnight (first void in the morning), and morning (second void in the morning). Eight equations (i.e., Kawasaki, Tanaka, Remer, Mage, Brown with and without potassium, Toft, and Meng) were used to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The estimates from the different spot samples and equations were compared with the measured excretion through the use of several statistics. Results Among the 101 children recruited, 86 had a complete 24-h urine collection and were included in the analysis (mean age: 10.5 y). The mean measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2.5 g (range: 0.8–6.4 g). The different spot samples and equations provided highly heterogeneous estimates of the 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The overnight spot samples with the Tanaka and Brown equations provided the most accurate estimates (mean bias: −0.20 to −0.12 g; correlation: 0.48–0.53; precision: 69.7–76.5%; sensitivity: 76.9–81.6%; specificity: 66.7%; and misclassification: 23.0–27.7%). The other equations, irrespective of the timing of the spot, provided less accurate estimates. Conclusions Urine spot samples, with selected equations, might provide accurate estimates of the 24-h sodium excretion in children at a population level. At an individual level, they could be used to identify children with high sodium excretion. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02900261.

scholarly journals Barriers of dietary salt reduction among hypertensive patients: a cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3459
Author(s):  
Mariyam Khwaja
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

Background: Healthy dietary practice is an important lifestyle modification and one of the key adjuncts to pharmacotherapy in management of hypertension. A modest reduction in salt intake of 5 gm/day lowered blood pressure by 7/4 mmHg diastolic in hypertensive patients. Despite knowledge about the ill consequences, many people continue to consume high levels of salt in their diet. To motivate people to reduce salt in their diet, a solid understanding of barriers encountered by those under salt reduction recommendation is necessary. Hence, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the barriers to dietary salt reduction among hypertensive patients.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 356 hypertensive patients in field practice areas (urban and rural) in Department of Community Medicine, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the study. Compliance to dietary salt intake was assessed by calculating average salt intake per person per day. The tenets of health belief model were used to examine the key determinants of human behavior. Analysis was done by using correlation, proportions, chi-square and multiple linear regression.Results: 31.4% of the participants took salt <5 gm per day. A significant association was noticed with area, religion, social class, family size, perceived benefits and perceived susceptibility. A significant positive correlation was seen with total adherence score and family size.Conclusions: A lot of barriers hinder the compliance to dietary salt reduction. Health Education stressing the role of salt reduction in control of blood pressure is recommended.

scholarly journals Factors Related to Lacking Knowledge on the Recommended Daily Salt Intake among Medical Professionals in Mongolia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3850
Author(s):  
Naoko Hikita ◽  
Enkhtungalag Batsaikhan ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki ◽  
Megumi Haruna ◽  
Ariunaa Yura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Deficit

In Mongolia, the recommendations are to restrict salt intake to less than 5 g/day to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to reveal factors associated with not knowing the recommended daily salt intake among medical professionals in Mongolia. Of the recruited 538 medical professionals working at public health facilities in Darkhan-Uul Province, the data from 338 (62.8%), obtained using self-administered questionnaires, were analyzed. Among these, 175 (51.8%) did not know the recommended daily salt intake. Compared with medical doctors, midwives and nurses had higher odds of not knowing the recommendations (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40–12.59; AOR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.15–3.76, respectively). Compared to participants who consumed more than four cups/day of salted suutei tsai (Mongolian milk tea), those who consumed approximately two cups/week had lower odds of not knowing the recommendations (AOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07–0.63). With most participants lacking accurate knowledge on this topic, and considering that people who are aware of the recommendations are more likely to take action to reduce dietary salt intake, it is imperative to urgently address this knowledge deficit because medical professionals have a responsibility to educate the community by disseminating accurate health information.

scholarly journals Small Vessel Disease and Dietary Salt Intake: Cross-Sectional Study and Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3020-3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D.J. Makin ◽  
Ghaida F. Mubki ◽  
Fergus N. Doubal ◽  
Kirsten Shuler ◽  
Julie Staals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Vessel Disease

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Dietary Salt Intake among Nurses Working in a Cardiac Hospital in Bangladesh Sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Rajib Mondal ◽  
Rajib Chandra Sarker ◽  
Rumana Sayrin ◽  
Rubya Afrin ◽  
Khurshid Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Noticeable proportion of Bangladeshi population including health professionals is habituated with excessive salt intake although having a good knowledge and attitude. There is no related data regarding salt intake practice among nurses in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards dietary salt intake among the nurses working in a selected cardiac hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 211 nurses working in National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute (NHFHRI), Dhaka. The NHFHRI was selected purposively and all of the nurses were targeted to recruit. Modified WHO Salt Module of STEPS Questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: All of them believed that too much salt in diet could cause serious health problems, and majority (76.8%) had average knowledge regarding the health effects of excess salt intake. More than eighty percent (83.4%) believed that lowering the salt in diet is very important and about two-third (62.6%) used to consume salt just the right amount. Almost half (49.3%) of the nurses were used to add extra salt during their meal and three-quarter (76.8%) were used to take high salt content processed food. The median of extra salt intake among the always users (n=52) was found 2.5 g per day. Conclusion: In spite of having good knowledge and positive attitude towards dietary salt intake, the added salt intake behavior was noteworthy among the nurses working in NHFHRI. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 12(1): 53-58

Relationship between urinary sodium excretion and serum aldosterone in patients with diabetes in the presence and absence of modifiers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

2013 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Libianto ◽  
George Jerums ◽  
Que Lam ◽  
Angela Chen ◽  
Sara Baqar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Serum Aldosterone ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Relationship

Although low dietary salt intake has beneficial effects on BP (blood pressure), low 24hUNa (24 h urinary sodium excretion), the most accurate estimate of dietary salt intake, is associated with increased mortality in people with diabetes. In the non-diabetic population, low salt intake is associated with increased RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system) activity. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between 24hUNa, PRA (plasma renin activity), serum aldosterone and BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in patients with diabetes. Clinical characteristics, 24hUNa, PRA, serum aldosterone and BNP were recorded in 222 consecutive patients (77% with Type 2 diabetes) attending a diabetes clinic at a tertiary hospital. The relationship between 24hUNa, serum aldosterone, PRA, BNP, urinary potassium excretion, serum potassium, serum sodium, eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), urinary albumin excretion and HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) was examined by a multivariable regression model. Levels of 24hUNa significantly predicted serum aldosterone in a linear fashion (R2=0.20, P=0.002). In the subgroup of patients (n=46) not taking RAAS-modifying agents, this relationship was also observed (R2=0.10, P=0.03), and the effect of 24hUNa on serum aldosterone was found to be more pronounced than in the whole cohort (coefficient=−0.0014, compared with −0.0008). There was no demonstrable relationship between 24hUNa and PRA or BNP. Low 24hUNa is associated with increased serum aldosterone in people with diabetes, in the presence and absence of RAAS-modifying agents. This raises the possibility that stimulation of the RAAS may be a mechanism that contributes to adverse outcomes observed in patients with low 24hUNa.

scholarly journals Estimation of salt intake by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in Yantai, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Xu ◽  
Maobo Wang ◽  
Yuanyin Chen ◽  
Baojie Zhen ◽  
Junrong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals The association of parents’ behaviors related to salt with 24 h urinary sodium excretion of their children: A Spanish cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0227035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Cuadrado-Soto ◽  
África Peral-Suarez ◽  
Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Aránzazu Aparicio ◽  
Pedro Andrés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Assessment of Sodium Knowledge and Urinary Sodium Excretion among Regions of the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2747
Author(s):  
Amjad H. Jarrar ◽  
Lily Stojanovska ◽  
Vasso Apostolopoulos ◽  
Leila Cheikh Ismail ◽  
Jack Feehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Impact

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes, are increasing worldwide and cause 65% to 78% of deaths in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). A random sample of 477 healthy adults were recruited in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the period March–June 2015. Demographic, lifestyle, medical, anthropometric and sodium excretion data were collected. A questionnaire was used to measure knowledge, attitude and practice regarding salt. Mean sodium and potassium excretion were 2713.4 ± 713 mg/day and 1803 ± 618 mg/day, respectively, significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for sodium (2300 mg/day) and lower for potassium (3150 mg/day). Two-thirds (67.4%) exceeded sodium guidelines, with males 2.6 times more likely to consume excessively. The majority of the participants add salt during cooking (82.5%) and whilst eating (66%), and 75% identified processed food as high source of salt. Most (69.1%) were aware that excessive salt could cause disease. Most of the UAE population consumes excess sodium and insufficient potassium, likely increasing the risk of NCDs. Despite most participants being aware that high salt intake is associated with adverse health outcomes, this did not translate into salt reduction action. Low-sodium, high-potassium dietary interventions such as the Mediterranean diet are vital in reducing the impact of NCDs in the UAE.

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