Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease

It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing infant. In the pre-2000 era, HBM was considered sterile and devoid of micro-organisms. Though HBM was not included as part of the human microbiome project launched in 2007, great strides have been made in studying the bacterial diversity of HBM in both a healthy state and diseased state, and in understanding their role in infant health. HBM provides a vast array of beneficial micro-organisms that play a key role in colonizing the infant’s mucosal system, including that of the gut. They also have a role in priming the infant’s immune system and supporting its maturation. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-infective role of HBM bacteriome (bacterial community) and its effect on infant health. We also provide key information from the literature by exploring the possible origin of microbial communities in HBM, the bacterial diversity in this niche and the determinants influencing the HBM bacteriome. Lastly, we investigate the role of the HBM bacteriome in maternal infectious disease (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mastitis)), and cancer. Key gaps in HBM bacterial research are also identified.

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Adipophilin and Perilipin 3 Correlate with Total Lipid Content in Human Breast Milk

10.20944/preprints201810.0008.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tereza Pavlova ◽

Zdenek Spacil ◽

Veronika Vidova ◽

Filip Zlamal ◽

Eliska Cechova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Total Lipid Content ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast

Objective: Lipids are secreted into milk as bilayer-coated structures: milk lipid globules (MLGs). Adipophilin (ADRP) and perilipin 3 (TIP47) are associated with MLGs in human breast milk; however, the role of these proteins in milk lipid secretion is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate levels of ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk, their mutual correlations and dynamics during lactation. Research Methods & Procedures: Milk samples from 22 healthy lactating women (Caucasian, Central European) were collected at five time points during lactation (1–3, 12–14, 29–30, 88–90 and 178–180 days postpartum). Mass spectrometry-based method was used for quantification of ADRP and TIP47 in the samples. The gravimetric method was used to determine milk total lipid content. Results: We observed distinctive trends in ADRP, TIP47 levels and lipid content in human breast milk during the first 6 months of lactation. We also found a significant association between lipid content and ADRP, lipid content and TIP47, and ADRP and TIP47 concentrations in breast milk at all sampling points. Moreover, we derived an equation for estimating the mean lipid content of milk based on ADRP concentration in human breast milk. Conclusions: A mass spectrometry-based method was developed for quantifying ADRP and TIP47 in human breast milk. Strong mutual correlations were found between ADRP, TIP47 and total lipid content in human breast milk.

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Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: Levels, distribution, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.028 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 139 (1) ◽

pp. 107-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Agus Sudaryanto ◽

Tatsuya Kunisue ◽

Natsuko Kajiwara ◽

Hisato Iwata ◽

Tussy A. Adibroto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Health Risk ◽

Infant Health ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Specific Accumulation ◽

Accumulation Kinetics

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The role of critical incident monitoring in detection and prevention of human breast milk confusions

European Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s00431-008-0917-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 168 (10) ◽

pp. 1277-1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ulrike B. Zeilhofer ◽

Bernhard Frey ◽

Jeanette Zandee ◽

Vera Bernet

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Critical Incident ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Incident Monitoring

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Protecting Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1714277 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ritu Cheema ◽

Elizabeth Partridge ◽

Laura R. Kair ◽

Kara M. Kuhn-Riordon ◽

Angelique I. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Health Condition ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Care Providers ◽

Human Breast ◽

Transmission Potential ◽

Modes Of Transmission ◽

Protective Antibodies ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has impacted all patient populations including pregnant mothers. There is an incomplete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and transmission potential at this time and the resultant anxiety has led to variable breastfeeding recommendations for suspected or confirmed mothers with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the potential concern for transmission of infection from maternal respiratory secretions to the newborn, temporary separation of the maternal-baby dyad, allowing for expressed breast milk to be fed to the infant, was initially recommended but later revised to include breastfeeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics in contrast to international societies, which recommend direct breastfeeding. This separation can have negative health and emotional implications for both mother and baby. Only two publications have reported SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk but the role of breast milk as a vehicle of transmission of COVID-19 to the newborns still remains unclear and may indeed be providing protective antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection even in infected neonates. Other modes of transmission of infection to neonates from infected mothers or any care providers cannot be overemphasized. Symptomatic mothers on hydroxychloroquine can safely breastfeed and no adverse effects were reported in a baby treated with remdesivir in another drug trial. The excretion of sarilumab in human breast milk is unknown at this time. Hence, given the overall safety of breast milk and both short-term and long- term nutritional, immunological, and developmental advantages of breast milk to newborn, breast milk should not be withheld from baby. The setting of maternal care, severity of maternal infection and availability of resources can impact the decision of breastfeeding, the role of shared decision making on breastfeeding between mother and physician needs to be emphasized. We strongly recommend direct breastfeeding with appropriate hygiene precautions unless the maternal or neonatal health condition warrants separation of this dyad. Key Points

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Milk Therapy: Unexpected Uses for Human Breast Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11050944 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 944 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Malgorzata Witkowska-Zimny ◽

Ewa Kamińska-El-Hassan ◽

Edyta Wróbel

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Search Terms ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Traditional Natural ◽

Language Of Publication

Background: Human breast milk provides a child with complete nutrition but is also a popular therapeutic remedy that has been used in traditional, natural pharmacopeia, and ethnomedicine for many years. The aim of this current review is to summarize studies of non-nutritional uses of mothers’ milk. Methods: Two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched with a combination of twelve search terms. We selected articles that were published between 1 January 2010, and 1 January 2019. The language of publication was limited to English. Results: Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review. Ten of these were randomized controlled trials, one was a quasi-experimental study, two were in vitro studies, and four employed an animal research model. Conclusions: Many human milk components have shown promise in preclinical studies and are undergoing active clinical evaluation. The protective and treatment role of fresh breast milk is particularly important in areas where mothers and infants do not have ready access to medicine.

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Role of the Human Breast Milk-Associated Microbiota on the Newborns’ Immune System: A Mini Review

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2017.02100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Marco Toscano ◽

Roberta De Grandi ◽

Enzo Grossi ◽

Lorenzo Drago

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

System A

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Urolithins in Human Breast Milk after Walnut Intake and Kinetics of Gordonibacter Colonization in Newly Born: The Role of Mothers’ Urolithin Metabotypes

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (45) ◽

pp. 12606-12616

Author(s):

Adrián Cortés-Martín ◽

Rocío García-Villalba ◽

Izaskun García-Mantrana ◽

Ana Rodríguez-Varela ◽

María Romo-Vaquero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Kinetics Of

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Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Payatas and Malate, the Philippines: Levels, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.010 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 157 (6) ◽

pp. 1924-1932 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Govindan Malarvannan ◽

Tatsuya Kunisue ◽

Tomohiko Isobe ◽

Agus Sudaryanto ◽

Shin Takahashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Health Risk ◽

Infant Health ◽

The Philippines ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Organohalogen Compounds ◽

Accumulation Kinetics

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Changes in HMO Concentrations throughout Lactation: Influencing Factors, Health Effects and Opportunities

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2272

Author(s):

Caroline Thum ◽

Clare Rosemary Wall ◽

Gisela Adrienne Weiss ◽

Wendan Wang ◽

Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Health ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Human Breast ◽

Month Of Birth ◽

Gradual Decline ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Factors Influencing

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important functional biomolecules in human breast milk. Understanding the factors influencing differences in HMO composition and changes in their concentration over lactation can help to design feeding strategies that are well-adapted to infant’s needs. This review summarises the total and individual concentration of HMOs from data published from 1999 to 2019. Studies show that the HMO concentrations are highest in colostrum (average 9–22 g/L), followed by slightly lower concentrations in transitional milk (average 8–19 g/L), with a gradual decline in mature milk as lactation progresses, from 6–15 g/L in breast milk collected within one month of birth, to 4–6 g/L after 6 months. Significant differences in HMO composition have been described between countries. Different HMOs were shown to be predominant over the course of lactation, e.g., 3-fucosyllactose increased over lactation, whereas 2′-fucosyllactose decreased. Recent clinical studies on infant formula supplemented with 2′-fucosyllactose in combination with other oligosaccharides showed its limited beneficial effect on infant health.

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