scholarly journals Challenging the Myth of Non-Response to the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Performance

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Del Coso ◽  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Juan Salinero
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Cycling Test ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
The Individual

The ergogenicity of caffeine on several exercise and sport situations is well-established. However, the extent of the ergogenic response to acute caffeine ingestion might greatly vary among individuals despite using the same dosage and timing. The existence of one or several individuals that obtained minimal ergogenic effects or even slightly ergolytic effects after caffeine intake (i.e., non-responders) has been reported in several previous investigations. Nevertheless, the concept non-responding to caffeine, in terms of physical performance, relies on investigations based on the measurement of one performance variable obtained once. Recently it has been suggested that correct identification of the individual ergogenic effect induced by caffeine intake requires the repeated measurement of physical performance in identical caffeine–placebo comparisons. In this communication, we present data from an investigation where the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake (3 mg/kg) was measured eight times over a placebo in the same individuals and under the same conditions by an incremental cycling test to volitional fatigue and an adapted version of the Wingate cycling test. The ergogenic response to caffeine varied from 9% to 1% among individuals, but all participants increased both cycling power in the incremental test and Wingate mean power at least three to eight times out of eight the caffeine–placebo comparisons. These data expand the suggestion of a minimal occurrence of caffeine non-responders because it shows that all individuals responded to caffeine when caffeine is compared to a placebo on multiple and repeated testing sessions.

scholarly journals Inconsistency in the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine in Athletes Who Regularly Consume Caffeine: Is It Due to the Disparity in the Criteria That Defines Habitual Caffeine Intake?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Filip ◽  
Michal Wilk ◽  
Michal Krzysztofik ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
The World

Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive substance in the world, and data suggests that it is widely used by athletes before competition to enhance physical and mental performance. The high number of athletes that regularly use caffeine suggests the need to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion in athletes habituated to caffeine. However, most of the studies supporting this claim have used samples of athletes who do not consume caffeine on a regular basis, and with caffeine intake withdrawal prior to the experiments. A search through 19 databases conducted on habitual caffeine users was performed. The results of the studies regarding the ergogenic effect of caffeine in naïve vs. habitual caffeine consumers are contradictory. The diversity of results are likely associated with the use of different thresholds to categorize individuals as naïve or high caffeine consumers. There are no valid and standardized methods to accurately estimate the amount of caffeine ingested per day in athletes. We proposed a classification of athletes that habitually consume caffeine by using dietary questionnaires, and ultimately, to reduce the likelihood of discrepancies caused by the improper qualification of daily caffeine intake in studies directed at the assessment of acute caffeine intake in habitual caffeine consumers.

Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1058-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Christensen ◽  
Mads H. Petersen ◽  
Signe N. Friis ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Maximal Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Elite Rowers

This study examined the ergogenic effects in a 6 min maximal performance test (PT) on 12 elite rowers: 6 open-weight (mean ± SD; 25 ± 1 years, and 92 ± 3 kg) and 6 light-weight (25 ± 3 years, and 73 ± 6 kg), following supplementation with caffeine (CAF), sodium bicarbonate (SB), and the combination of both, in a double-blind randomized placebo (PLA) controlled design. PT was executed on 4 occasions, on separate days within a week, and in a non-fasted state, with standardized training being performed the day before PT. Protocols were as follows: (i) CAF, 3 mg/kg, 45 min prior to PT + calcium as SB-PLA; (ii) SB, 0.3 g/kg, 75 min prior to PT + dextrose as CAF-PLA; (iii) CAF + SB; and (iv) PLA; CAF-PLA + SB-PLA. The total distance in the CAF (1878 ± 97 m) and CAF + SB (1877 ± 97 m) was longer than in the PLA (1865 ± 104 m; P < 0.05) and SB (1860 ± 96 m; P < 0.01). The mean power in CAF (400 ± 58 W) and CAF + SB (400 ± 58 W) was higher than the PLA (393 ± 61 W; P < 0.05) and SB (389 ± 57 W; P < 0.01). In CAF and CAF + SB, power was higher (P < 0.05) relative to PLA in the last half (4–6 min) of PT. Trials with CAF were more effective in light-weight rowers (1.0% ± 0.8% improvement in distance; P < 0.05) than in open-weight rowers (0.3% ± 0.8%; P > 0.05). No difference between interventions was observed for readiness and stomach comfort before PT and perceived exertion during PT. This study demonstrates that caffeine ingestion does improve performance in elite rowing. In contrast sodium bicarbonate does not appear to be ergogenic, but it does not abolish the ergogenic effect of caffeine.

The Effects of Caffeine on Repeated Sprint Performance in Team Sport Athletes – A Meta-Analysis –

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Brown ◽  
Julie Brown ◽  
Andrew Foskett
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Repeat Sprint

Equivocal findings exist regarding the ergogenic effects of caffeine in repeat sprint performance in team sports, and there is currently no meta-analysis of available data. Therefore, appropriate studies were obtained from electronic databases following identification using pre-determined search criteria. Extracted data on repeat sprint performance in team sport athletes were entered into a meta-analysis to determine a summary statistic for overall effect. Eight studies provided suitable data for analysis. Pooled data on sprint distances of 15m (Z=1.81, P=0.07), 18.3m (Z=0.26, P=0.79), 20m (Z=0.13, P=0.90), 30m (Z=1.26, P=0.21), and 36.6m (Z=0.78, P=0.44) indicated no ergogenic effect attributable to caffeine ingestion. Thus, the current available evidence does not support an ergogenic effect for caffeine in repeat sprint performance in team athletes.

scholarly journals International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanci S. Guest ◽  
Trisha A. VanDusseldorp ◽  
Michael T. Nelson ◽  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
Brad J. Schoenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
International Society ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
List Type ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Chewing Gums

AbstractFollowing critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3–6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4–6 mg/kg, respectively. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Power Performance in a Flywheel Device: A Randomised, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández ◽  
Javier Raya-González
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Load ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Squat Exercise ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Double Blind Design

Despite the demonstrated evidence of the importance of eccentric contractions in sports performance, no research has evaluated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on this type of contraction means during flywheel exercises. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to compare the power outcomes, using different inertial loads, between caffeine and placebo conditions. Twenty-four young, healthy, and active men (age: 22.5 ± 4.8 years) took part in the study. A crossed, randomised double-blind design was used to analyse the effects of caffeine on lower limb power outcomes during a flywheel half-squat exercise. Participants completed four sets of eight all-out repetitions with a fixed three-minutes rest interval, and each set was performed using different inertial loads (i.e., 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 kg·m−2). Both the mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) in concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) movement phases at each inertial load were recorded after participants were administered either a caffeine supplement (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo (sucrose). Participants receiving a caffeine supplementation demonstrated improvements versus the placebo in total MP (MPtotal), as well as MP in CON phase (MPcon) and in ECC phase (MPecc) at each inertial load (22.68 to 26.53%; p < 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.89–1.40). In addition, greater improvements with caffeine ingestion were obtained with respect to the placebo condition (18.79 to 24.98%; p < 0.01, ES = 1.03–1.40) in total PP (PPtotal), as well as PP in CON phase (PPcon) and in ECC phase (PPecc) at each inertial load. Thus, the supplementation of 6 mg·kg−1 caffeine may be considered to maximise on-field physical performance in those sports characterised by high demands of resistance.

scholarly journals Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5773
Author(s):  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Significant Difference

This meta-analysis aimed to explore the effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular endurance and muscular strength in women. Five databases were searched to find relevant studies. A random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) was performed for data analysis. Subgroup meta-analyses explored the effects of caffeine on upper-body and lower-body muscular endurance and muscular strength. Eight crossover placebo-controlled studies were included in the review. In the main meta-analysis that considered data from all included studies, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular endurance (SMD = 0.25; p = 0.027) and muscular strength (SMD = 0.18; p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis that considered only upper-body exercises, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular endurance (SMD = 0.20; p = 0.007) and muscular strength (SMD = 0.17; p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis that considered only lower-body exercises, there was no significant difference between caffeine and placebo for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.43; p = 0.092) or muscular strength (SMD = 0.16; p = 0.109). The main finding of this meta-analysis is that caffeine ingestion has a significant ergogenic effect on muscular endurance and muscular strength in women. The effects reported in this analysis are similar to those previously observed in men and suggest that women may use caffeine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for muscular performance. Future research is needed to explore the effects of caffeine on lower-body muscular endurance and muscular strength in this population.

The Effects of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 362-373
Author(s):  
Alex M. Ehlert ◽  
Hannah M. Twiddy ◽  
Patrick B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Genetic Modifiers ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

Caffeine ingestion can improve performance across a variety of exercise modalities but can also elicit negative side effects in some individuals. Thus, there is a growing interest in the use of caffeine mouth rinse solutions to improve sport and exercise performance while minimizing caffeine’s potentially adverse effects. Mouth rinse protocols involve swilling a solution within the oral cavity for a short time (e.g., 5–10 s) before expectorating it to avoid systemic absorption. This is believed to improve performance via activation of taste receptors and stimulation of the central nervous system. Although reviews of the literature indicate that carbohydrate mouth rinsing can improve exercise performance in some situations, there has been no attempt to systematically review the available literature on caffeine mouth rinsing and its effects on exercise performance. To fill this gap, a systematic literature search of three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted by two independent reviewers. The search resulted in 11 randomized crossover studies that were appraised and reviewed. Three studies found significant positive effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on exercise performance, whereas the remaining eight found no improvements or only suggestive benefits. The mixed results may be due to heterogeneity in the methods across studies, interindividual differences in bitter tasting, and differences in the concentrations of caffeine solutions. Future studies should evaluate how manipulating the concentration of caffeine solutions, habitual caffeine intake, and genetic modifiers of bitter taste influence the efficacy of caffeine mouth rinsing as an ergogenic strategy.

scholarly journals Acetaminophen ingestion improves muscle activation and performance during a 3-min all-out cycling test

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Morgan ◽  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
Joanna L. Bowtell ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Stephen J. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Membrane Excitability ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
M Wave ◽  
Cycling Test ◽  
Work Done

Acute acetaminophen (ACT) ingestion has been shown to enhance cycling time-trial performance. The purpose of this study was to assess whether ACT ingestion enhances muscle activation and critical power (CP) during maximal cycling exercise. Sixteen active male participants completed two 3-min all-out tests against a fixed resistance on an electronically braked cycle ergometer 60 min after ingestion of 1 g of ACT or placebo (maltodextrin, PL). CP was estimated as the mean power output over the final 30 s of the test and W′ (the curvature constant of the power–duration relationship) was estimated as the work done above CP. The femoral nerve was stimulated every 30 s to measure membrane excitability (M-wave) and surface electromyography (EMGRMS) was recorded continuously to infer muscle activation. Compared with PL, ACT ingestion increased CP (ACT: 297 ± 32 W vs. PL: 288 ± 31 W, P < 0.001) and total work done (ACT: 66.4 ± 6.5 kJ vs. PL: 65.4 ± 6.4 kJ, P = 0.03) without impacting W′ (ACT: 13.1 ± 2.9 kJ vs. PL: 13.6 ± 2.4 kJ, P = 0.19) or the M-wave amplitude (P = 0.66) during the 3-min all-out cycling test. Normalised EMGRMS amplitude declined throughout the 3-min protocol in both PL and ACT conditions; however, the decline in EMGRMS amplitude was attenuated in the ACT condition, such that the EMGRMS amplitude was greater in ACT compared with PL over the last 60 s of the test (P = 0.04). These findings indicate that acute ACT ingestion might increase performance and CP during maximal cycling exercise by enhancing muscle activation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document