scholarly journals Association Between Fatty Acids Profile and Cerebral Blood Flow: An Exploratory fNIRS Study on Children with and without ADHD

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Grazioli ◽  
Alessandro Crippa ◽  
Maddalena Mauri ◽  
Caterina Piazza ◽  
Andrea Bacchetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Inverse Effect ◽  
Nirs Signal

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) biostatus has been proposed as possible attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis biomarker. The present exploratory study aimed to investigate the association between PUFAs biostatus and cerebral cortex metabolism measured by functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a sample of children with and without ADHD. 24 children with ADHD and 22 typically developing (TD) peers, aged 8–14, were recruited. Linoleic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids levels were evaluated in whole blood. All children underwent fNIRS while performing an n-back working memory task. Between groups comparisons revealed lower levels of arachidonic acid in children with ADHD and stronger NIRS signal in TD participants, especially when completing more difficult tasks. Correlations conducted between fNIRS activation and PUFA biostatus revealed several associations between hemodynamic changes in the frontoparietal regions and fatty acids profile across participants. This result was also confirmed by the multiple hierarchical regression analyses that remarked an inverse effect of eicosapentaenoic acid levels on oxyhemoglobin values in right frontoparietal region. Such preliminary findings, if confirmed, would suggest that PUFAs could play a role in atypical neurodevelopment.

Development of Reading Abilities in Children with ADHD Following fNIRS-Neurofeedback or EMG-Biofeedback

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Blume ◽  
Martí Quixal ◽  
Justin Hudak ◽  
Thomas Dresler ◽  
Caterina Gawrilow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Skills ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Emg Biofeedback ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show deficient reading skills, which, like ADHD symptoms, are associated with limitations in neurocognitive abilities. Neurofeedback (NF) aims to improve the latter, to alleviate ADHD symptoms, and to promote school and reading performances. Whether frontal lobe-NF based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electromyogram (EMG)-biofeedback (BF), however, improve reading abilities of children with ADHD and whether these changes are associated with changes in neurocognitive abilities, has not yet been clarified. It was also unclear whether embedding trainings in virtual reality (VR) could increase their effectiveness. These questions were examined using data of 35 children with ADHD (6–11 years) who participated in 15 sessions of fNIRS-NF in VR, fNIRS-NF in 2D, or EMG-BF in VR. On average, children's reading performance improved in all training groups. Stronger improvements were found after VR trainings. Improvements in reading natural words were, on a trend level, accompanied by decreasing attention, while improvements in reading pseudowords were accompanied by improved sustained attention and response inhibition. The results suggest that fNIRS-NF and EMG-BF effectively improve reading abilities of children with ADHD, especially when training in VR.

scholarly journals Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Memory Interference

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Crawford ◽  
Liye Zou ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Memory Interference ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Memory interference occurs when information (or memory) to be retrieved is interrupted by competing stimuli. Proactive interference (PI) occurs when previously acquired information interferes with newly acquired information, whereas retroactive interference (RI) occurs when newly acquired information interferes with previously acquired information. In animal paradigms, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been shown to help facilitate pattern separation, and ultimately, attenuate memory interference. Research evaluating the role of the PFC on memory interference among humans is, however, limited. The present study evaluated the relationship between PFC oxygenation on memory interference among humans, with the null hypothesis being that there is no association between PFC oxygenation and memory interference. Methods: A total of 74 participants (Mage = 20.8 years) completed the study. Participants completed a computerized memory interference task using the AB-DE AC-FG paradigm, with PFC oxyhemoglobin levels measured via functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: For PI, the change in oxygenated hemoglobin for encoding list 1 and retrieval of list 1 showed moderate evidence for the null hypothesis (BF01 = 4.05 and 3.28, respectively). For RI, the Bayesian analysis also established moderate evidence for the null hypothesis across all memory task time points. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates evidence of the null hypothesis regarding the relationship between PFC oxygenation and memory interference. Future work should continue to investigate this topic to identify mechanistic correlates of memory interference.

scholarly journals Hemodynamic response to familiar faces in children with ADHD

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Shimamura ◽  
Takeshi Inoue ◽  
Hiroko Ichikawa ◽  
Emi Nakato ◽  
Yuiko Sakuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces

Abstract Background School-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, in addition to impaired facial expression perception and recognition. For successful social interactions, the ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces is critical. However, there are no published reports on the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces by children with ADHD. Methods We evaluated the neural correlates of familiar and unfamiliar facial recognition in children with ADHD compared to typically developing (TD) children. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure hemodynamic responses on the bilateral temporal regions while participants looked at photographs of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Nine boys with ADHD and 14 age-matched TD boys participated in the study. fNIRS data were Z-scored prior to analysis. Results During familiar face processing, TD children only showed significant activity in the late phase, while ADHD children showed significant activity in both the early and late phases. Additionally, the boys with ADHD did not show right hemispheric lateralization to familiar faces. Conclusions This study is the first to assess brain activity during familiar face processing in boys with ADHD using fNIRS. These findings of atypical patterns of brain activity in boys with ADHD may be related to social cognitive impairments from ADHD.

scholarly journals Dietary Profiles, Nutritional Biochemistry Status, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Path Analysis for a Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Jen Wang ◽  
Ya-Hui Yu ◽  
Ming-Ling Fu ◽  
Wen-Ting Yeh ◽  
Jung-Lung Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Ferritin Concentration ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Poor

This study aims to investigate dietary and nutritional biochemistry profiles of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to explore their potential relationship by path analysis. We enrolled 216 children with ADHD and 216 age-, height- and gender-matched controls from 31 elementary schools in Taiwan. Dietary intake of the participants was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Fasting blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of multiple nutritional markers. Moreover, we employed a structural equation model (SEM) to link diet, nutritional markers and ADHD. Compared to healthy control, ADHD children had significantly lower serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, ferritin concentration, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), but higher levels of serum saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio, and inorganic phosphorous concentration. Children with ADHD had more intake of nutrient-poor foods such as high sugar and high fat foods, and had less intake of vegetable, fruit, protein-rich foods than their counterpart. SEM analysis showed that the poor nutritional biochemistry profiles linked the association between unhealthy dietary patterns and ADHD. In conclusion, an unhealthy dietary pattern may be a predecessor of the poor nutritional biochemistry status, and managing diet and nutrition conditions should be considered to improve ADHD symptoms in children.

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