scholarly journals Effects of a Short-Term “Fat Adaptation with Carbohydrate Restoration” Diet on Metabolic Responses and Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1033
Author(s):  
Kaixuan Che ◽  
Junqiang Qiu ◽  
Longyan Yi ◽  
Menghui Zou ◽  
Zhihui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Resting Metabolism

Periodized carbohydrate availability can enhance exercise capacity, but the effects of short-term fat adaptation carbohydrate restoration (FACR) diets on metabolic responses and exercise performance in endurance athletes have not been conclusively determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a FACR diet on measures of resting metabolism, exercise metabolism, and exercise performance. Well-trained male runners (n = 8) completed a FACR dietary intervention (five days’ carbohydrate < 20% and fat > 60% energy, plus one-day carbohydrate ≥ 70% energy), and a control high-carbohydrate (HCHO) diet for six days (carbohydrate > 60% energy; fat < 20% energy) in a randomized crossover design. Pre- and post-intervention metabolic measures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum fat oxidation rate during exercise (MFO), and maximum fat oxidation intensity (FATmax). Measures of exercise performance included maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy (RE), and 5 km running time trial (5 km-TT). In FACR compared with HCHO, there were significant improvements in FATmax (p = 0.006) and RE (p = 0.048). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between FACR and HCHO in RMR, RQ, VO2max, or 5 km-TT. Findings suggest that a short-term (six days) FACR diet may facilitate increased fat oxidation and submaximal exercise economy but does not improve 5 km-TT performance.

scholarly journals Four Weeks of 16/8 Time Restrictive Feeding in Endurance Trained Male Runners Decreases Fat Mass, without Affecting Exercise Performance

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2941
Author(s):  
Ashley P. Tovar ◽  
Christine E. Richardson ◽  
Nancy L. Keim ◽  
Marta D. Van Loan ◽  
Brian A. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Endurance Runners

Background: Time restricted Feeding (TRF) is a dietary pattern utilized by endurance athletes, but there is insufficient data regarding its effects on performance and metabolism in this population. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a 16/8 TRF dietary pattern on exercise performance in trained male endurance runners. Methods: A 4-week randomized crossover intervention was used to compare an 8-h TRF to a 12-h normal diet (ND) feeding window. Exercise training and dietary intake were similar across interventions. Runners completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan to assess body composition, a graded treadmill running test to assess substrate utilization, and ran a 10 km time trial to assess performance. Results: There was a significant decrease in fat mass in the TRF intervention (−0.8 ± 1.3 kg with TRF (p = 0.05), vs. +0.1 ± 4.3 kg with ND), with no significant change in fat-free mass. Exercise carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and blood lactate concentration were significantly lower with the TRF intervention (p ≤ 0.02). No significant changes were seen in exercise respiratory exchange ratio or 10 km time trial performance (−00:20 ± 3:34 min:s TRF vs. −00:36 ± 2:57 min:s ND). Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that adherence to a 4-week 16/8 TRF dietary intervention decreased fat mass and maintained fat-free mass, while not affecting running performance, in trained male endurance runners.

No Effect of Short-Term Green Tea Extract Supplementation on Metabolism at Rest or During Exercise in the Fed State

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Martin ◽  
Rachel B. Tan ◽  
Jenna B. Gillen ◽  
Michael E. Percival ◽  
Martin J. Gibala
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Tea Extract ◽  
Trial Performance

Supplementation with green tea extract (GTE) in animals has been reported to induce numerous metabolic adaptations including increased fat oxidation during exercise and improved performance. However, data regarding the metabolic and physiological effects of GTE during exercise in humans are limited and equivocal.Purpose:To examine the effects of short-term GTE treatment on resting energy expenditure (REE), wholebody substrate utilization during exercise and time trial performance.Methods:Fifteen active men (24 ± 3 y; VO2peak = 48 ± 7 ml·kg·min−1; BMI = 26 ± 3 kg·m2(–1)) ingested GTE (3x per day = 1,000 mg/d) or placebo (PLA) for 2 day in a double-blind, crossover design (each separated by a 1 week wash-out period). REE was assessed in the fasted state. Subjects then ingested a standardized breakfast (~5.0 kcal·kg-1) and 90 min later performed a 60 min cycling bout at an intensity corresponding to individual maximal fat oxidation (44 ± 11% VO2peak), followed by a 250 kJ TT.Results:REE, whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2) and substrate oxidation rates during steady-state exercise were not different between treatments. However, mean heart rate (HR) was lower in GTE vs. PLA (115 ± 16 vs. 118 ± 17 beats·min−1; main effect, p = .049). Mixed venous blood [glycerol] was higher during rest and exercise after GTE vs. PLA (p = .006, main effect for treatment) but glucose, insulin and free-fatty acids were not different. Subsequent time trial performance was not different between treatments (GTE = 25:38 ± 5:32 vs. PLA = 26:08 ± 8:13 min; p = .75).Conclusion:GTE had minimal effects on whole-body substrate metabolism but significantly increased plasma glycerol and lowered heart rate during steady-state exercise, suggesting a potential increase in lipolysis and a cardiovascular effect that warrants further investigation.

n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Increase: Thermic Effect of Food in Men with Metabolic Syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Matheson ◽  
Jennifer E. Cutting ◽  
Vera C. Mazurak ◽  
Lindsay E. Robinson ◽  
Andrea C. Buchholz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Thermic Effect Of Food ◽  
Dietary Strategy ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Thermic Effect

Purpose: Effects on energy metabolism of a test meal and a two-week dietary intervention were observed in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Both the meal and the intervention included foods containing fish-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fats (PUFA). Methods: Six men with MetS (46.7 ± 12.1 years, 37.2 ± 5.6 kg/m2, mean ± standard deviation) completed two test days, separated by a 14-day dietary intervention during which they consumed at least 2.0 g per day of n-3 PUFA from supplied foods. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and the thermic effect of food (TEF) measured for six hours after ingestion of a test meal consisting of 1.43 g of fish-derived n-3 PUFA. Results: Intakes of n-3 PUFA increased over the 14-day intervention, from 0.43 g per day ± 0.48 to 2.92 g per day ± 1.97 (p=0.013), while no changes were observed in total energy intakes, weight, body composition, or RMR (all p>0.05). The TEF increased by 51.3% (p=0.036), and the non-protein respiratory quotient decreased by 36.0% (p=0.700). Conclusions: Subjects increased their intake of fish-derived n-3 PUFA in an isocaloric manner while maintaining body weight and composition, and increased the TEF. More studies with larger sample sizes and longer intervention periods are required to confirm the use of fish-derived n-3 PUFA as a therapeutic dietary strategy for people with MetS.

Vitamin C Consumption Does Not Impair Training-Induced Improvements in Exercise Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llion A. Roberts ◽  
Kris Beattie ◽  
Graeme L. Close ◽  
James P. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Training Period ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Purpose:To test the hypothesis that antioxidants can attenuate high-intensity interval training–induced improvements in exercise performance.Methods:Two groups of recreationally active males performed a high-intensity interval running protocol, four times per week for 4 wk. Group 1 (n = 8) consumed 1 g of vitamin C daily throughout the training period, whereas Group 2 (n = 7) consumed a visually identical placebo. Pre- and posttraining, subjects were assessed for VO2max, 10 km time trial, running economy at 12 km/h and distance run on the YoYo intermittent recovery tests level 1 and 2 (YoYoIRT1/2). Subjects also performed a 60 min run before and after training at a running velocity of 65% of pretraining VO2max so as to assess training-induced changes in substrate oxidation rates.Results:Training improved (P < .0005) VO2max, 10 km time trial, running economy, YoYoIRT1 and YoYoIRT2 in both groups, although there was no difference (P = .31, 0.29, 0.24, 0.76 and 0.59) between groups in the magnitude of training-induced improvements in any of the aforementioned parameters. Similarly, training also decreased (P < .0005) mean carbohydrate and increased mean fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise in both groups, although no differences (P = .98 and 0.94) existed between training conditions.Conclusions:Daily oral consumption of 1 g of vitamin C during a 4 wk high-intensity interval training period does not impair training-induced improvements in the exercise performance of recreationally active males.

scholarly journals Comparing Acute, High Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Intake on Transcriptional Biomarkers, Fuel Utilisation and Exercise Performance in Trained Male Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4391
Author(s):  
Matthew Furber ◽  
Simone Pyle ◽  
Michael Roberts ◽  
Justin Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Habitual Diet ◽  
Habitual Intake ◽  
The Impact

Manipulating dietary macronutrient intake may modulate adaptive responses to exercise, and improve endurance performance. However, there is controversy as to the impact of short-term dietary modification on athletic performance. In a parallel-groups, repeated measures study, 16 trained endurance runners (maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max): 64.2 ± 5.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to, and provided with, either a high-protein, reduced-carbohydrate (PRO) or a high-carbohydrate (CHO) isocaloric-matched diet. Participants maintained their training load over 21-consecutive days with dietary intake consisting of 7-days habitual intake (T1), 7-days intervention diet (T2) and 7-days return to habitual intake (T3). Following each 7-day dietary period (T1–T3), a micro-muscle biopsy was taken for assessment of gene expression, before participants underwent laboratory assessment of a 10 km treadmill run at 75% V˙O2max, n treadmill run at 70% vV˙O2max time to exhaustion (TTE) trial. The PRO diet resulted in a modest change (1.37-fold increase, p = 0.016) in AMPK expression, coupled with a significant increase in fat oxidation (0.29 ± 0.05 to 0.59 ± 0.05 g·min−1, p < 0.0001). However, a significant reduction of 23.3% (p = 0.0003) in TTE post intervention was observed; this reverted back to pre levels following a return to the habitual diet. In the CHO group, whilst no change in sub-maximal fuel utilisation occurred at T2, a significant 6.5% increase in TTE performance (p = 0.05), and a modest, but significant, increase in AMPK (p = 0.042) and PPAR (p = 0.029) mRNA expression compared to T1 were observed; with AMPK (p = 0.011) and PPAR (p = 0.044) remaining significantly elevated at T3. In conclusion, a 7-day isocaloric high protein diet significantly compromised high intensity exercise performance in trained runners with no real benefit on gene markers of training adaptation. A significant increase in fat oxidation during submaximal exercise was observed post PRO intervention, but this returned to pre levels once the habitual diet was re-introduced, suggesting that the response was driven via fuel availability rather than cellular adaptation. A short-term high protein, low carbohydrate diet in combination with endurance training is not preferential for endurance running performance.

scholarly journals Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation to a Hypocaloric Diet Does Not Affect Resting Metabolic Rate but Increases Postprandial Fat Oxidation Response in Overweight and Obese Adults after Weight Loss Intervention

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4245
Author(s):  
Delicia Shu Qin Ooi ◽  
Jennifer Qiu Rong Ling ◽  
Fang Yi Ong ◽  
E Shyong Tai ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Weight Loss Intervention ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Standard Protein

Background: Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation is reported to aid in lean mass preservation, which may in turn minimize the reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) during weight loss. Our study aimed to examine the effect of BCAA supplementation to a hypocaloric diet on RMR and substrate utilization during a weight loss intervention. Methods: A total of 111 Chinese subjects comprising 55 males and 56 females aged 21 to 45 years old with BMI between 25 and 36 kg/m2 were randomized into three hypocaloric diet groups: (1) standard-protein (14%) with placebo (CT), (2) standard-protein with BCAA, and (3) high-protein (27%) with placebo. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure RMR, carbohydrate, and fat oxidation before and after 16 weeks of dietary intervention. Results: RMR was reduced from 1600 ± 270 kcal/day to 1500 ± 264 kcal/day (p < 0.0005) after weight loss, but no significant differences in the change of RMR, respiratory quotient, and percentage of fat and carbohydrate oxidation were observed among the three diet groups. Subjects with BCAA supplementation had an increased postprandial fat (p = 0.021) and decreased postprandial carbohydrate (p = 0.044) oxidation responses compared to the CT group after dietary intervention. Conclusions: BCAA-supplemented standard-protein diet did not significantly attenuate reduction of RMR compared to standard-protein and high-protein diets. However, the postprandial fat oxidation response increased after BCAA-supplemented weight loss intervention.

scholarly journals Nutritional ketone salts increase fat oxidation but impair high-intensity exercise performance in healthy adult males

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1031-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor O’Malley ◽  
Etienne Myette-Cote ◽  
Cody Durrer ◽  
Jonathan P. Little
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cycling Exercise

This study investigated the impact of raising plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) through ingestion of ketone salts on substrate oxidation and performance during cycling exercise. Ten healthy adult males (age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass index, 25 ± 3 kg/m2, peak oxygen uptake, 45 ± 10 mL/(kg·min)−1) were recruited to complete 2 experimental trials. Before enrollment in the experimental conditions, baseline anthropometrics and cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) were assessed and familiarization to the study protocol was provided. On experimental days, participants reported to the laboratory in the fasted state and consumed either 0.3 g/kg β-OHB ketone salts or a flavour-matched placebo at 30 min prior to engaging in cycling exercise. Subjects completed steady-state exercise at 30%, 60%, and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) followed by a 150-kJ cycling time-trial. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and total substrate oxidation were derived from indirect calorimetry. Plasma glucose, lactate, and ketones were measured at baseline, 30 min post-supplement, post–steady-state exercise, and immediately following the time-trial. Plasma β-OHB was elevated from baseline and throughout the entire protocol in the ketone condition (p < 0.05). RER was lower at 30% and 60% VT in the ketone compared with control condition. Total fat oxidation was greater in the ketone versus control (p = 0.05). Average time-trial power output was ∼7% lower (–16 W, p = 0.029) in the ketone condition. Ingestion of ketone salts prior to exercise increases fat oxidation during steady-state exercise but impairs high-intensity exercise performance.

Ingesting Isomaltulose Versus Fructose-Maltodextrin During Prolonged Moderate-Heavy Exercise Increases Fat Oxidation but Impairs Gastrointestinal Comfort and Cycling Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Oosthuyse ◽  
Matthew Carstens ◽  
Aletta M.E. Millen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid

Certain commercial carbohydrate replacement products include slowly absorbed carbohydrates such as isomaltulose. Few studies have investigated the metabolic effects of ingesting isomaltulose during exercise and none have evaluated exercise performance and gastrointestinal comfort. Nine male cyclists participated postprandially during three trials of 2-h steady-state (S-S) exercise (60% Wmax) followed by a 16 km time trial (TT) while ingesting 63 g∙h-1 of either, 0.8:1 fructose: maltodextrin (F:M) or isomaltulose (ISO) or placebo-flavored water (PL). Data were analyzed by magnitude-based inferences. During S-S exercise, ISO and PL similarly increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration (mean change ISO versus F:M: 0.18, 90%CI ± 0.21 mmol∙L-1, 88% likelihood) and fat oxidation (10, 90%CI ± 9 g, 89% likelihood) while decreasing carbohydrate oxidation (-36, 90%CI ± 30.2 g, 91% likelihood) compared with F:M, despite equal elevations in blood glucose concentration with ISO and F:M. Rating of stomach cramps and bloating increased progressively with ISO (rating: 0-90 min S-S, weak; 120 min S-S, moderate; TT, strong) compared with F:M and PL (0-120 min S-S and TT, very weak). TT performance was substantially slower with ISO (mean change: 1.5, 90%CI ± 1.4 min, 94% likely harmful) compared with F:M. The metabolic response of ISO ingestion during moderate exercise to increase NEFA availability and fat oxidation despite elevating blood glucose concentration is anomalous for a carbohydrate supplement. However, ingesting isomaltulose at a continuous high frequency to meet the recommended carbohydrate replacement dose, results in severe gastrointestinal symptoms during prolonged or high intensity exercise and negatively affects exercise performance compared with fructose-maltodextrin supplementation.

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