scholarly journals Energy Metabolism Changes and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4556
Author(s):  
Seong-Hee Ko ◽  
YunJae Jung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase

Aging women experience hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen and increased circulating androgen, due to natural or surgical menopause. These hormonal changes make postmenopausal women vulnerable to body composition changes, muscle loss, and abdominal obesity; with a sedentary lifestyle, these changes affect overall energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate. In addition, fat redistribution due to hormonal changes leads to changes in body shape. In particular, increased bone marrow-derived adipocytes due to estrogen loss contribute to increased visceral fat in postmenopausal women. Enhanced visceral fat lipolysis by adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase triggers the production of excessive free fatty acids, causing insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. Because genes involved in β-oxidation are downregulated by estradiol loss, excess free fatty acids produced by lipolysis of visceral fat cannot be used appropriately as an energy source through β-oxidation. Moreover, aged women show increased adipogenesis due to upregulated expression of genes related to fat accumulation. As a result, the catabolism of ATP production associated with β-oxidation decreases, and metabolism associated with lipid synthesis increases. This review describes the changes in energy metabolism and lipid metabolic abnormalities that are the background of weight gain in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON CULTURED RAT HEART CELLS

1973 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Anastasia ◽  
R. L. McCarl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Rat Heart Cells

This paper reports the determination of the ability of rat heart cells in culture to release [14C]palmitate from its triglyceride and to oxidize this fatty acid and free [14C]palmitate to 14CO2 when the cells are actively beating and when they stop beating after aging in culture. In addition, the levels of glucose, glycogen, and ATP were determined to relate the concentration of these metabolites with beating and with cessation of beating. When young rat heart cells in culture are actively beating, they oxidize free fatty acids at a rate parallel with cellular ATP production. Both fatty acid oxidation and ATP production remain constant while the cells continue to beat. Furthermore, glucose is removed from the growth medium by the cells and stored as glycogen. When cultured cells stop beating, a decrease is seen in their ability to oxidize free fatty acids and to release them from their corresponding triglycerides. Concomitant with decreased fatty acid oxidation is a decrease in cellular levels of ATP until beating ceases. Midway between initiation of cultures and cessation of beating the cells begin to mobilize the stored glycogen. When the growth medium is supplemented with cortisol acetate and given to cultures which have ceased to beat, reinitiation of beating occurs. Furthermore, all decreases previously observed in ATP levels, fatty acid oxidation, and esterase activity are restored.

Histochemical and Morphological Studies of the Lipids in Oogenesis. I. Periplaneta americana

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (47) ◽  
pp. 315-332
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH ◽  
BRIJ L. GUPTA ◽  
BACHAN LAL
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Acetone Extraction ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex

1. Three kinds of lipid bodies have been described in the oogenesis of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (i) L1 bodies, present in the earliest oocyte, which persist till the oocyte measures approximately mm and contain phoapholipids only, possibly having more lecithint than cephalins; (ii) L2bodies, which first arise in the oocyte measuring 0.4 mm and have a complete or incomplete sheath of phoapholipida surrounding a medulla of triglycerides (rather highly saturated); (iii) L3 bodies, which are the only type of lipids present in the oocytea measuring more than 0.65 mm and consist of triglycerides only (rather highly saturated). 2. Some of the larger L3 bodies give a ‘ringed’ or ‘crescentic’ appearance in Sudan black when used at room temperatures (12° C to 40° C) but appear mostly solid when this colouring agent is used at 6o° C. 3. Mitochondria, which remain as fine granules throughout the course of oogenesis, contain proteins and phospholipids. They seem to have some lipids which are masked normally but are unmasked after acetone extraction, with a resulting increase in sudanophilia. 4. Yolk globules appear in the oocytes meaauring approximately 0.5 mm. They contain a protein-carbohydrate complex. 5.The bacterioid objects described by earlier workers have been shown to contain phospholipids and free fatty acids. They possibly play an active role in the lipid synthesis of the cell.

Metabolic concomitants of hypophagia during recovery from insulin-induced obesity in rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (3) ◽  
pp. E211-E219 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ramirez ◽  
M. I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase

Rats were given daily injections of protamine-zinc insulin (PZI) that increased food intake and body weight. Termination of insulin treatment resulted in transient hypophagia and weight loss. Simultaneously with the weight loss, plasma levels of glycerol, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones increased, whereas adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and liver glycogen decreased. These changes in food intake and metabolism after termination of PZI treatment were accentuated in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Two antilipolytic drugs (nicotinic acid and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) blocked the elevation in plasma glycerol while having no effect on food intake. A 1-day fast after termination of insulin treatment equalized insulin-treated and control groups for plasma glycerol and ketones and reversed group differences in free fatty acids; the elevation in plasma glucose persisted despite starvation. Following starvation, previously PZI-treated rats ate less than controls on refeeding. The results show that enhanced lipolysis does not invariably accompany hypophagia during excess weight loss and suggest that a disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism or an increase in hepatic fatty acid oxidation may underlie this decrease in food intake.

scholarly journals The effect of glucose, insulin and noradrenaline on lipolysis and on the concentrations of adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate in adipose tissue

1973 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L. Knight ◽  
Jill Iliffe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Atp Concentration ◽  
Effect Of Glucose ◽  
Peak Value

Glycerol release and tissue concentrations of ATP and cyclic AMP were followed during the incubation of adipose tissue with or without glucose, insulin and noradrenaline. Glucose plus insulin or, to a lesser extent, glucose alone increased the accumulation of glycerol during incubations both with and without noradrenaline by slowing the decline in the rate of glycerol release with time. Insulin alone decreased the accumulation by accelerating the fall in glycerol release. In the absence of noradrenaline, ATP and cyclic AMP concentrations were not significantly affected by insulin or glucose. With noradrenaline or noradrenaline plus insulin the ATP concentration gradually fell. With noradrenaline plus glucose the ATP concentration fell rapidly and then stabilized, or, if insulin was also present, returned to the control value. In the presence of noradrenaline, the concentration of cyclic AMP rose during the first 20min and then fell. Insulin lowered the peak concentration of cyclic AMP, but glucose had no effect either on the peak value or the fall in the concentration of the nucleotide. The increase and fall in the concentration of cyclic AMP with noradrenaline or noradrenaline plus insulin bore similarities to the increase and decline in the lipolytic rate in incubations without glucose. It is proposed that glucose stimulates ATP production by furnishing glycerol 1-phosphate and thus removing free fatty acids, but that it can influence lipolysis by a mechanism which is distinct from any which is mediated by free fatty acids, possibly by inhibiting the inactivation of the lipase.

Free fatty acids induce the demethylation of fructose 1,6-biphosphatase 2 gene promoter and potentiate its expression in hepatocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lujing Wang ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Xigan Li ◽  
Yucui Wu ◽  
Fei Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
The Social

Obesity is a serious health issue due to the social burden and the most risk factor of other metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD) is the key...

scholarly journals The Protective Effect of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Extracts Against Obesity and Inflammation by Regulating Free Fatty Acids Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyu Zhao ◽  
Fanfen Song ◽  
Diangeng Hu ◽  
Haiqin Chen ◽  
Qixiao Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder characterized by the excess accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes. It is commonly associated with severe obesity and inflammation. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are the key to regulate lipid metabolism and immune response in hepatocyte cells. This study examined the effects of AEN (alcohol extract of nutmeg, the seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt.) on the inhibition of lipid synthesis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo and on high-fat diet-induced obesity in NAFLD mice. Our results showed that AEN treatment could downregulate the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and lower the lipid content of cells. AEN also inhibited FFAs-mediated inflammation-related cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression in cells. In a mouse model, AEN reduced the bodyweight of obese mice and improved NAFLD without affecting food intake. Further analysis revealed that AEN significantly reduced inflammation level, cholesterol and lipid accumulation, blood glucose, and other liver function indexes in mice fed with a high-fat diet. In conclusion, AEN inhibited the aggravation of obesity and inflammation by downregulating lipid-gene expression in the liver to ameliorate NAFLD.

scholarly journals Role of adiponectin and free fatty acids on the association between abdominal visceral fat and insulin resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Medina-Urrutia ◽  
Carlos Posadas-Romero ◽  
Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez ◽  
Esteban Jorge-Galarza ◽  
Teresa Villarreal-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Abdominal Visceral Fat

scholarly journals Regulator of G Protein Signaling-4 Controls Fatty Acid and Glucose Homeostasis

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (11) ◽  
pp. 5706-5712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Iankova ◽  
Carine Chavey ◽  
Cyrielle Clapé ◽  
Claude Colomer ◽  
Nathalie C. Guérineau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
G Protein Signaling ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipolysis

Circulating free fatty acids are a reflection of the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis that takes place mainly in adipose tissue. We found that mice deficient for regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-4 have increased circulating catecholamines, and increased free fatty acids. Consequently, RGS4−/− mice have increased concentration of circulating free fatty acids; abnormally accumulate fatty acids in liver, resulting in liver steatosis; and show a higher degree of glucose intolerance and decreased insulin secretion in pancreas. We show in this study that RGS4 controls adipose tissue lipolysis through regulation of the secretion of catecholamines by adrenal glands. RGS4 controls the balance between adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis, secondary to its role in the regulation of catecholamine secretion by adrenal glands. RGS4 therefore could be a good target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

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