Lean Body Mass Associated with Upper Body Strength in Healthy Older Adults While Higher Body Fat Limits Lower Extremity Performance and Endurance

The purpose of this investigation was to assess (a) proportions of children unable to perform each of three measures of upper body strength and endurance—pull-up, flexed-arm hang, and modified pull-up; (b) relationships among selected attribute variables of age, weight, percent body fat, and body mass index, and the three measures of upper body strength and endurance; and (c) the attribute variables which best predict scores for the three measures of upper body strength and endurance. Subjects were 104 elementary school children in Grades 1 through 6. Percentages of children obtaining zero scores were computed. Intercorrelations among the attribute and upper body strength and endurance variables were examined for significance and effect size. For each of the three measures of upper body strength and endurance, a max R2 forward stepwise, multiple regression analysis was performed to identify which attribute variables best predict the score of that particular measure. Analyses indicated that age and percent body fat were the best predictors of pull-up and flexed-arm hang scores, whereas age and body mass index best predicted the modified pull-up score.

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Efficacy of a novel formulation of L-Carnitine, creatine, and leucine on lean body mass and functional muscle strength in healthy older adults: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-016-0158-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Malkanthi Evans ◽

Najla Guthrie ◽

John Pezzullo ◽

Toran Sanli ◽

Roger A. Fielding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Double Blind Placebo

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ADJUSTING UPPER BODY STRENGTH BY BODY MASS USING ALLOMETRIC SCALING.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/00005768-199505001-01181 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 27 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S211 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. C. Hui ◽

M. T. Mahar ◽

A. S. Jackson

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

Upper Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

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Validity and Reliability of Elastic Resistance to Assess Upper Body Strength in Older Adults

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1097/00005768-200405001-01700 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S354???S355

Author(s):

Brad Manor ◽

Jessica Sobolewski ◽

Phil Page ◽

Robert Topp

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Upper Body ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Elastic Resistance ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

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Effects From “Exergames” Vs. Traditional Exercise On Lower And Upper Body Strength In Older Adults

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000485107.32182.60 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

pp. 32-33

Author(s):

Aline R. Barbosa ◽

Bruno M. Queiroz ◽

Adriano F. Borgatto ◽

Vandrize Meneghini ◽

Alexsander V. Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Upper Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

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Long-Term Effect of Weight Loss on Body Composition and Performance in Elite Athletes

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.426 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 426-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ina Garthe ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Energy Restriction ◽

Upper Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength ◽

And Performance

Context:When weight loss (WL) is needed, it is recommended that athletes do it gradually by 0.5–1 kg/wk through moderate energy restriction. However, the effect of WL rate on long-term changes in body composition (BC) and performance has not been investigated in elite athletes.Purpose:To compare changes in body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), and performance 6 and 12 mo after 2 different WL interventions promoting loss of 0.7% vs. 1.4% of body weight per wk in elite athletes.Methods:Twenty-three athletes completed 6- and 12-mo postintervention testing (slow rate [SR] n = 14, 23.5 ± 3.3 yr, 72.2 ± 12.2 kg; fast rate [FR] n = 9, 21.4 ± 4.0 yr, 71.6 ± 12.0 kg). The athletes had individualized diet plans promoting the predetermined weekly WL during intervention, and 4 strength-training sessions per wk were included. BM, BC, and strength (1-repetition maximum) were tested at baseline, postintervention, and 6 and 12 mo after the intervention.Results:BM decreased by ~6% in both groups during the intervention but was not different from baseline values after 12 mo. FM decreased in SR and FR during the intervention by 31% ± 3% vs. 23% ± 4%, respectively, but was not different from baseline after 12 mo. LBM and upper body strength increased more in SR than in FR (2.0% ± 1.3% vs. 0.8% ± 1.1% and 12% ± 2% vs. 6% ± 2%) during the intervention, but after 12 mo there were no significant differences between groups in BC or performance.Conclusion:There were no significant differences between groups after 12 mo, suggesting that WL rate is not the most important factor in maintaining BC and performance after WL in elite athletes.

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Differential Effects of Resistance- and Endurance-Based Exercise Programs on Muscular Fitness, Body Composition, and Cardiovascular Variables in Young Adult Women: Contextualizing the Efficacy of Self-Selected Exercise Modalities

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070654 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 654

Author(s):

Sime Versic ◽

Kemal Idrizovic ◽

Gentiana Beqa Ahmeti ◽

Damir Sekulic ◽

Matej Majeric

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Young Women ◽

Resting Heart Rate ◽

Muscular Fitness ◽

Body Strength ◽

Apparently Healthy

There is an evident lack of research simultaneously investigating endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) with regard to their potential influence on fitness and health status in young women. This study aimed to determine the effects of RT and ET three times a week over an eight-week period on anthropometric/body composition indices, blood pressure (BP), and muscular fitness in apparently healthy young women who participated in a self-preferred program. The sample of participants comprised 57 young healthy women (23.9 ± 3.08 years, 165.5 ± 5.8 cm, 66.8 ± 7.2 kg) divided into ET (n = 18), RT (n = 19), and non-exercising (C) (n = 20) groups. The variables consisted of anthropometric/body composition indices (body mass, BMI, body fat, and lean body mass), muscular fitness variables (lower body strength, upper body strength, abdominal strength, dynamometric force, and flexibility), and cardiovascular parameters (resting heart rate and systolic and diastolic BP). A pre- and post-testing design, with factorial analysis of variance for repeated measurements (ANOVA: Group × Measurement), including a consecutive post hoc test, was applied. The ANOVA indicated a similar improvement in body composition (increase in lean body mass and decrease in body fat percentage), resting heart rate, and flexibility in both of the exercise groups, with no significant changes in the C group. RT improved the participants’ strength and force capacities to a greater extent than ET. BP showed a trend of improvement in both of the training groups, but without statistically significant pre- to post-changes. Correlation analysis calculated with variables of pre- to post-differences (VDs) indicated poor associations between VDs, indicating relative independence of the obtained effects for the different variables in each training group. Although this investigation comprised apparently healthy young women, numerous positive changes indicated the efficacy of both programs in a relatively short period of time. While the participants in this study self-selected training programs, the evidenced positive effects can be at least partially related to this fact.

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Buoyancy, Gender, and Swimming Performance

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.16.3.248 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 248-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Scott P. McLean ◽

Richard N. Hinrichs

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Body Position ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Upper Body ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Buoyant Force ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength ◽

Sprint Swimming

This study investigated the relationship of gender and buoyancy to sprint swimming performance. The center of buoyancy (CB) and center of mass (CM) were measured using reaction board principles. Performance was evaluated as the time needed to complete the middle 13.7 m of a 22.9-m sprint for kicking and swimming trials. Nineteen female swimmers (mean ±SD, 21.9 ± 3.2 years) had significantly more body fat (24.1 ± 4.5%) than 13 male swimmers (21.7 ± 4.2 years, 14.8 ± 5.0%). Males swam and kicked significantly faster (p< .01) than females. Percent body fat, upper body strength, the distance between the CB and CM (d), and the buoyant force measured in 3 body positions all met the criteria for entrance into a regression equation. When gender was not controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 70% of the variance in swim time (p< .008). When gender was controlled in the analysis, these variables accounted for 45% of the variance in swim time (p= .06). Percent body fat accounted for the largest amount variance in both regression analyses (39%,p< .001; 18%,p= 0.02, respectively). Upper body strength accounted for 14% of the variance in swim time (p= .006) when gender was not controlled but only 4% when gender was controlled (p= .27). The distancedas measured in a body position with both arms raised above the head was the buoyancy factor that accounted for the greatest amount of variance in swim time (6% when gender was not controlled,p= .06, 10%; when gender was controlled,p= .07). Percent body fat,d, and the buoyant force accounted for no significant amount of variance in kick time. These data suggested that a swimmer’s buoyancy characteristics did have a small but important influence on sprint swimming performance.

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