ADJUSTING UPPER BODY STRENGTH BY BODY MASS USING ALLOMETRIC SCALING.

Context:When weight loss (WL) is needed, it is recommended that athletes do it gradually by 0.5–1 kg/wk through moderate energy restriction. However, the effect of WL rate on long-term changes in body composition (BC) and performance has not been investigated in elite athletes.Purpose:To compare changes in body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), and performance 6 and 12 mo after 2 different WL interventions promoting loss of 0.7% vs. 1.4% of body weight per wk in elite athletes.Methods:Twenty-three athletes completed 6- and 12-mo postintervention testing (slow rate [SR] n = 14, 23.5 ± 3.3 yr, 72.2 ± 12.2 kg; fast rate [FR] n = 9, 21.4 ± 4.0 yr, 71.6 ± 12.0 kg). The athletes had individualized diet plans promoting the predetermined weekly WL during intervention, and 4 strength-training sessions per wk were included. BM, BC, and strength (1-repetition maximum) were tested at baseline, postintervention, and 6 and 12 mo after the intervention.Results:BM decreased by ~6% in both groups during the intervention but was not different from baseline values after 12 mo. FM decreased in SR and FR during the intervention by 31% ± 3% vs. 23% ± 4%, respectively, but was not different from baseline after 12 mo. LBM and upper body strength increased more in SR than in FR (2.0% ± 1.3% vs. 0.8% ± 1.1% and 12% ± 2% vs. 6% ± 2%) during the intervention, but after 12 mo there were no significant differences between groups in BC or performance.Conclusion:There were no significant differences between groups after 12 mo, suggesting that WL rate is not the most important factor in maintaining BC and performance after WL in elite athletes.

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Lean Body Mass Associated with Upper Body Strength in Healthy Older Adults While Higher Body Fat Limits Lower Extremity Performance and Endurance

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu7095327 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 7126-7142 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Karen Charlton ◽

Marijka Batterham ◽

Kelly Langford ◽

Jenna Lateo ◽

Erin Brock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Upper Body ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Extremity Performance ◽

Upper Body Strength

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Physiological profile of professional hockey players - a longitudinal comparison

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h06-012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 181-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

David L Montgomery

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Upper Body ◽

Physiological Profile ◽

Mean Values ◽

Body Strength ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Physiological Assessment ◽

Upper Body Strength ◽

Professional Hockey ◽

Longitudinal Comparison

This paper examines the size, strength, and aerobic fitness of players from a professional hockey team. Beginning in 1917, data on body size were obtained from historical records of the Montreal Canadiens. Body composition, strength, and VO2 max were obtained through physiological testing of Canadiens players between 1981 and 2003. Compared with players in the 1920s and 1930s, current players were an average of 17 kg heavier and 10 cm taller, with BMI increased by 2.3 kg/m2. The gain in BMI was not attributed to added fat mass, since percent body fat remained unchanged over the past 22 years. From 1992 to 2003, upper body strength was assessed using a bench press test. Predicted 1 repetition maximum (1 RM) for the 17- to 19-year-old group was 107.0 kg with the highest values attained by the 25- to 29-year-old age group (128.1 kg). Gains in body mass were associated with an increase in upper body strength. VO2 max was measured annually on a treadmill between 1992 and 2003 with annual mean values ranging between 54.6 and 59.2 mL·(kg·min)-1. Compared with values from players in the early 1980s, VO2 max has increased with the improvements independent of body mass; however, given the variability in the data, we are hesitant to infer that VO2 max has increased significantly during the 1990s.Key words: physiological assessment, strength, aerobic power, professional hockey players.

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Comparing periodised protocols for the maintenance of strength and power in resistance-trained women

Movement Health & Exercise ◽

10.15282/mohe.v6i2.154 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kok Lian Yee

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Bench Press ◽

Upper Body ◽

Lower Body ◽

Power Training ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

Training Programmes

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of daily undulating periodisation (DUP) and session undulating periodisation (SUP) for maintaining strength and power over a 3-wk period in a group of resistance-trained women. DUP comprised one session each of strength and power training while DUP combined both strength and power training within each session. Both training programmes were equalised for training volume and intensity. Methods: Sixteen resistance-trained women were pre-tested for body mass, mid-arm and mid-thigh girths, one-repetition maximum (1 RM) dynamic squat (SQ) and bench press (BP), and power during countermovement jumps (CMJ) and bench press throws (BPT). The 1 RM SQ and BP data were used to assign the participants into groups for twice a week training. Results: A two-way (group x time) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures for time found no significant changes in body mass, mid-arm girth, 1 RM BP and SQ, and BPT and CMJ power for both groups. However, significant changes in mid-thigh girth were found (F1, 13 = 5.733, p = 0.032). Pooled BP data indicated improved upper body strength (BP: F1, 13 = 6.346, p = 0.025) and decreased CMJ power (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Both DUP and SUP programmes increased upper-body strength and maintained lower-body strength adequately across a 3-wk phase probably because the participants were weaker in the upper-body and the lower-body had a reduced capacity for strength adaptations and improvements.

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The Relationship Between Absolute and Relative Upper-Body Strength and Handcycling Performance Capabilities

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0580 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jonpaul Nevin ◽

Paul M. Smith

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Body Mass ◽

Power Output ◽

Anaerobic Power ◽

Time Trial ◽

Relative Strength ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Upper Body ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

Purpose: To explore the relationship between absolute and relative upper-body strength and selected measures of handcycling performance. Methods: A total of 13 trained H3/H4-classified male handcyclists (mean [SD] age 37 [11] y; body mass 76.6 [10.1] kg; peak oxygen consumption 2.8 [0.6] L·min−1; relative peak oxygen consumption 36.5 [10] mL·kg·min−1) performed a prone bench-pull and bench-press 1-repetition-maximum strength assessment, a 15-km individual time trial, a graded exercise test, and a 15-second all-out sprint test. Relationships between all variables were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Absolute strength measures displayed a large correlation with gross mechanical efficiency and maximum anaerobic power output (P = .05). However, only a small to moderate relationship was identified with all other measures. In contrast, relative strength measures demonstrated large to very large correlations with gross mechanical efficiency, 15-km time-trial velocity, maximum anaerobic power output, peak aerobic power output, power at a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1, and peak oxygen consumption (P = .05). Conclusion: Relative upper-body strength demonstrates a significant relationship with time-trial velocity and several handcycling performance measures. Relative strength is the product of one’s ability to generate maximal forces relative to body mass. Therefore, the development of one’s absolute strength combined with a reduction in body mass may influence real-world handcycling race performance.

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Relationships among Selected Attributes and Three Measures of Upper Body Strength and Endurance in Elementary School Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1992.75.3f.1115 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1115-1123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sherry L. Folsom-Meek ◽

James Herauf ◽

Nicholas A. Adams

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Elementary School ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

School Children ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Upper Body ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

The purpose of this investigation was to assess (a) proportions of children unable to perform each of three measures of upper body strength and endurance—pull-up, flexed-arm hang, and modified pull-up; (b) relationships among selected attribute variables of age, weight, percent body fat, and body mass index, and the three measures of upper body strength and endurance; and (c) the attribute variables which best predict scores for the three measures of upper body strength and endurance. Subjects were 104 elementary school children in Grades 1 through 6. Percentages of children obtaining zero scores were computed. Intercorrelations among the attribute and upper body strength and endurance variables were examined for significance and effect size. For each of the three measures of upper body strength and endurance, a max R2 forward stepwise, multiple regression analysis was performed to identify which attribute variables best predict the score of that particular measure. Analyses indicated that age and percent body fat were the best predictors of pull-up and flexed-arm hang scores, whereas age and body mass index best predicted the modified pull-up score.

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Aerobic fitness, upper-body strength and agility predict performance on an occupational physical ability test among police officers while wearing personal protective equipment

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness ◽

10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09482-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eduardo Frio Marins ◽

Leo Cabistany ◽

Charles Bartel ◽

J. Jay Dawes ◽

Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Police Officers ◽

Personal Protective Equipment ◽

Upper Body ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Physical Ability ◽

Ability Test ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

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Influences of Differing Menarche Status on Motor Capabilities of Girls, 13 To 16 Years: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5539

Author(s):

Barry Gerber ◽

Anita E. Pienaar ◽

Ankebe Kruger

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Upper Body ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Motor Fitness ◽

Body Strength ◽

The Status ◽

Hand Eye Coordination ◽

Upper Body Strength ◽

D Values

Puberty and the onset of menarche influences the motor performance of girls. However, the magnitude of these influences during varying maturity status, is not clear. This longitudinal study over two years aimed to investigate differences in motor fitness between early and late developing girls based on pre- and post-menarche status. A convenience sample (n = 58) of girls aged 13.51 ± 3.51, divided by means of the Status Quo method into pre (n = 13) and post-menarche (n = 45) groups, was used. Motor fitness was tested once annually by standardized protocols. Basic statistics, independent t-testing and a repeated measures ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferonni correction were used (p < 0.05 = statistical significance). Effect sizes were determined by Cohen’s d-values. Only explosive upper body strength differed significantly between groups during baseline, favoring post-menarche girls. Initially, post-menarche girls showed advantages in hand-eye coordination and speed (p > 0.05) with pre-menarche girls performing better in agility and explosive leg strength (p > 0.05). At 15.51 years, no significant, between-group differences were found. Pre-menarche girls surpassed post-menarche girls in hand-eye coordination and 0–40 m speed and post-menarche girls displayed higher explosive leg and upper body strength scores (p > 0.05). Our data show that the potential to excel in sport based on motor capabilities can only be accurately estimated 1–2 years after reaching menarche.

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