scholarly journals Evaluation of Potential Transfer of the Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica between Farmed Salmonids and Wild Fish

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Perla Tedesco ◽  
Marcia Saraiva ◽  
Jose Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra ◽  
Maria Letizia Fioravanti ◽  
Benedetto Morandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Saprolegnia Parasitica ◽  
Trout Farms ◽  
Prevalent Species

Saprolegnia infections are among the main parasitic diseases affecting farmed salmonids. The distribution and potential transfer of Saprolegnia spp. between farms and the natural environment has been scarcely investigated. Therefore, this work aimed to study the diversity and abundance of oomycete species in salmonid farms, tributary water, and effluent water systems. Four trout farms in Italy and two Atlantic salmon farms in Scotland were considered. In Italian farms, 532 isolates of oomycetes were obtained from fish and water, at upstream, inside, and downstream the farms. In Scottish farms, 201 oomycetes isolates were obtained from water outside the farm and from fish and water inside the farming units. Isolates were identified to the species level through amplification and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. In Italy, S. parasitica was significantly more present in farmed than in wild fish, while in water it was more frequently isolated from the wild, particularly in effluent systems, not associated with more frequent isolation of S. parasitica in wild fish downstream the farm. In Scotland, S. parasitica was the most prevalent species isolated from fish, while isolates from water were mostly Pythium spp. with few S. parasitica isolates from upstream and downstream the farms.

scholarly journals Documentation of multiple species of marine fish trapped in Atlantic salmon sea-cages in Norway

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Per Gunnar Fjelldal ◽  
Monica F. Solberg ◽  
Kevin A. Glover ◽  
Ole Folkedal ◽  
Jonatan Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Sea Trout

The production of salmonids in sea-cages has been developed for monoculture of the target species. However, we show here for the first time, that wild fish may enter sea-cages used for farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway, out-grow the mesh size, and thereafter become permanently trapped. Within seven different sea-cages located in western Norway, eight different species of wild fish were identified; European eel (Anguilla anguilla), sea trout (Salmo trutta L.), cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), saithe (Pollachius virens), pollack (Pollachius pollachius), hake (Merluccius merluccius) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). In the two most extreme cases, a 5 × 5 × 7 m cage with 311 farmed salmon (903 g) also contained 542 whiting (79 g), 77 haddock (43 g), and 5 cod (26 g), and a 12 × 12 × 15 m cage with 1695 farmed salmon (559 g) also contained 1196 haddock (35 g), 1115 whiting (31 g), 46 cod (23 g), 23 saithe (48 g), 15 pollock (22 g), 5 sea trout (54 g), and 2 hake (29 g). The present study thus demonstrates that aquaculture cages designed for monoculture may attract and effectively ‘trap’ wild fish. We did not investigate the frequency of this occurrence, and the ecological significance of these observations remains unclear. However, with the ever-increasing number of sea-cages used for global aquaculture, this is clearly a topic for further research.

Legionella contamination in warm water systems: A species-level survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Dilger ◽  
Holger Melzl ◽  
André Gessner
Keyword(s):  
Water Systems ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Warm Water

An accurate technique for estimating forage intake of tractable animals

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1462-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Habitat Patch ◽  
Visual Estimation ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Small Compound ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Species Specific

We selected an average-sized plant unit for each forage species commonly eaten by black-tailed deer in southeastern Alaska. Those units, which were used to establish species-specific templates, typically represented single or small compound leaves that were usually eaten in one bite. We also determined an average mass for each plant unit. Using visual estimation of plant units in the natural environment, we were able to accurately predict actual plant mass (all r2 ≥ 0.94). The technique is an accurate and reliable method for estimating both bite sizes and cumulative forage intake of tractable animals in forb- and shrub-dominated communities. It provides an estimate of dry or wet matter intake within a foraging period or specific habitat patch, relative to diet selection at the plant species level.

Farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr may reduce early survival of wild fish

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1699-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sundt-Hansen ◽  
J. Huisman ◽  
H. Skoglund ◽  
K. Hindar
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Early Survival ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Temps d'ajustement de la flottabilité des saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) d'élevage et flottabilité comparée de saumons atlantiques d'élevage et sauvages

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Legault ◽  
Louis-Marie Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

We determined the time of adjustment of buoyancy of juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and investigated whether if their higher position off the substratum, compared with wild fish, might better result from a higher buoyancy. In flowing water, hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon adjust their buoyancy within 24 h. No difference in buoyancy exists between juvenile hatchery-reared and wild Atlantic salmon in still water. However, juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon are more buoyant in flowing water than wild Atlantic salmon. Even after 3 mo in a stream, the buoyancy of juvenile hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon did not change. Acquired hatchery behaviour appears to be responsible for their difference in buoyancy.

scholarly journals Effects of aquaculture on wild fish populations: a synthesis of data

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Weir ◽  
James WA Grant
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
In The Wild

The potential adverse environmental effects of aquaculture have been the subject of considerable attention in both the media and the scientific literature. We undertook a synthesis of the published scientific literature, primarily concerning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), to assess the current data available regarding these potential effects. No data are available to test for the direct effects of aquaculture organisms on the demographics of wild fish populations. However, seven studies show that escaped salmon in the wild have lower fitness, as measured by survival and reproductive success, than native salmon. Thirteen other studies, encompassing 91 different traits, provide strong evidence of phenotypic differences between farmed and wild salmon, presumably because of artificial selection in the aquaculture environment. An additional 10 studies have documented significant genetic differences between farmed salmon and the wild fish with which they will interact, or potentially interact. Given the paucity of data regarding actual population consequences of escaped farmed fish on wild populations, and the documented differences between the two types of fish, it seems prudent to treat farmed fish as exotic species with potentially negative consequences for wild populations, particularly when the latter are of conservation concern.Key words: aquaculture, Atlantic salmon, artificial selection, fitness, introgression.

Chemical Basis for Homing of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to a Hatchery

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 985-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sutterlin ◽  
R. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hydroelectric Dam ◽  
Water Well

Based on recoveries from traps situated at a hydroelectric dam and a hatchery 1500 m downstream, the return location of hatchery reared and wild Atlantic salmon is examined. During the fall runs of 1971 and 1972, 97% of ascending wild salmon returned to the dam; only 3% were recovered at the hatchery. Despite the fact that the hatchery discharge contributed only 1/1000th of the river’s flow, 67% of the hatchery-reared fish returned to the hatchery and 33% to the dam.Tank tests demonstrated a clear-cut preference by hatchery adults for diluted hatchery effluent vs. river water. Wild fish showed no preference to either water. Well water, a component of hatchery effluent, was avoided by both hatchery and wild fish. Addition of CuSO4 to preferred water altered its effectiveness.

Vaccinating against zoonotic parasitic diseases: myth or reality?

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante S. Zarlenga
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Scientific Achievement ◽  
Immune Intervention ◽  
Host Relationships

AbstractThe largely unanticipated difficulties of parasite vaccine development have led us to a renewed awareness of the survival strategies evolutionarily embedded within parasites over hundreds of millions of years. We have grown to appreciate that efforts to disrupt parasite–host relationships are substantially compounded by our incomplete understanding of the complex immune responses that occur in the naturally infected host. Given the inability to transfer laboratory successes to field trials, research is leading us to conclude that genetically defined animal models may not be good predictors of the unique and disparate protective immune responses one can expect from the genetically heterogeneous populations of animals that represent the parasite's natural environment. This is further compounded by the abundance of mechanisms parasites have created for themselves to defend against immune intervention. Thus, in the never-ending saga of vaccine development, it is only appropriate that pitfalls and advancements be critiqued as they apply across parasite groups, with a look towards promising technologies that may propel this field to the level of scientific achievement once envisaged.

Condition and performance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of rearing practices on hatchery fish and comparison with wild fish

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1208-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G McDonald ◽  
C L Milligan ◽  
W J McFarlane ◽  
S Croke ◽  
S Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
And Performance

This study examined the effects of various modifications of rearing practices on hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fingerlings and compared condition and performance of hatchery fingerlings (age 0+) and yearlings (age 1+) with those of wild-reared Atlantic salmon. Reduced fish density (and increased ration) in rearing tanks promoted increased growth and condition factor and significant changes in muscle composition, including increased muscle lipid content and glycolytic enzyme activity, specfically phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. However, these changes had no effect on anaerobic capacity. Moreover, swimming performance was poorer in fingerlings reared at low compared with normal density. Raising the water velocity from 0 to 4 cm ·s-1 (~0.7 body length ·s-1) had overall beneficial effects, most notably increased endurance in fixed velocity sprint tests and a reduction of ion loss in an epinephrine challenge test. Increasing velocity to 9 cm ·s-1 had no further effects. Wild fingerlings were larger with better fin quality and superior anaerobic capacity and swim performance. Even larger differences were seen between hatchery-reared and wild yearlings. It is concluded that significant changes in morphology, physiology, and muscle biochemistry of juvenile Atlantic salmon can be brought about by changing hatchery rearing conditions, but these changes are of limited effectiveness in reducing the difference between hatchery-reared and wild fish.

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