The “Dialogue” Between Central and Peripheral Immunity After Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Spleen

The immune response generated by the body after the incidence of ischemic stroke, runs through the comprehensive process of aftermath. During this process of ischemic stroke, the central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response seriously affect the prognosis of patients, which has been the focus of research in recent years. As this research scenario progressed, the “dialogue” between central nervous inflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke has become more closely related. It’s worth noting that the spleen, as an important peripheral immune organ, plays a pivotal role in this dialogue. Multiple mechanisms have previously been reported for brain-spleen crosstalk after ischemic stroke. Further, neuroinflammation in the brain can affect the peripheral immune state by activating/inhibiting spleen function. However, the activation of the peripheral immune inflammatory response can work reversibly in the spleen. It further affects intracerebral neuroinflammation through the injured blood-brain barrier. Therefore, paying close attention to the role of spleen as the pivot between central and peripheral immunity in ischemic stroke may help to provide a new target for immune intervention in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the present review, we reviewed the important role of spleen in central neuroinflammation and peripheral immune response after ischemic stroke. We summarized the relevant studies and reports on spleen as the target of immune intervention which can provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.

Interleukin-7 Biology and Its Effects on Immune Cells: Mediator of Generation, Differentiation, Survival, and Homeostasis

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a molecule known for its growth-promoting effects on progenitors of B cells, remains one of the most extensively studied cytokines. It plays a vital role in health maintenance and disease prevention, and the congenital deficiency of IL-7 signaling leads to profound immunodeficiency. IL-7 contributes to host defense by regulating the development and homeostasis of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. Clinical trials of recombinant IL-7 have demonstrated safety and potent immune reconstitution effects. In this article, we discuss IL-7 and its functions in immune cell development, drawing on a substantial body of knowledge regarding the biology of IL-7. We aim to answer some remaining questions about IL-7, providing insights essential for designing new strategies of immune intervention.

Exercise-Induced Engagement of the IL-15/IL15Rα axis Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a central role in controlling cancer development and progression, as well as in responses to therapeutic interventions. However, the mechanisms that control their mobilization, composition, and function are not completely understood. Here, we show that aerobic exercise is sufficient to induce an intra-tumoral expansion of activated CD8 T cells and a reduction in tumor growth in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Specifically, exercise-induced spikes in epinephrine promote a systemic immune mobilization and accumulation of tumor-infiltrating IL15Rα+ CD8 T cells. This sub-population of activated CD8 T cells is responsible for the tumor protective and immune activating benefits of aerobic exercise, as both are abrogated in the context of IL-15 antagonism. Notably, the anti-tumor effect of aerobic exercise is potentiated by PD-1 blockade, suggesting a therapeutically exploitable link between an exercise-oncology axis and immune intervention strategies in a largely intractable disease.

Reviewing immunopathology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 for cancer entwisted with SARS-CoV-2

In December 2019, the outbreak of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infection that started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, has spread to all world. Based on the accumulated data and knowledge on the coronavirus infection and immunology characteristics, this review would hope to give some hints on human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients. This insight may help in designing the appropriate immune intervention for treatment and the prophylactic/therapeutic methods against cancer under current coronavirus from immunopathology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and cancer entwisted with it. We should achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients through advantages of multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment team. It is believed that we will eventually overcome the epidemic and win in the future.

Brain Cancer-Activated Microglia: A Potential Role for Sphingolipids

: Almost no neurological disease exists without microglial activation. Microglia has exert a pivotal role in the maintenance of the central nervous system and its response to external and internal insults. Microglia have traditionally been classified as, in the healthy central nervous system, “resting”, with branched morphology system and, as a response to disease, “activated”, with amoeboid morphology; as a response to diseases but this distinction is now outmoded. The most devastating disease that hits the brain is cancer, in particular glioblastoma. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive glioma with high invasiveness and little chance of being surgically removed. During tumor onset, many brain alterations are present and microglia have a major role because the tumor itself changes microglia from the pro-inflammatory state to the anti-inflammatory and protects the tumor from an immune intervention. : What are the determinants of these changes in the behavior of the microglia? In this review, we survey and discuss the role of sphingolipids in microglia activation in the progression of brain tumors, with a particular focus on glioblastoma.

Perspective of molecular immune response of SARS-COV-2 infection

COVID-19 is a type of Pneumonia caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). When COVID-19 arise in Wuhan China and rapidly spread throughout to the World, we need to learn how pathogenesis and immune responses occur in the bodies in more detail. COVID-19 is the third Severe Respiratory Disease outbreak caused by the Coronavirus in the past two decades after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012. The Articles from PUBMED and Research Gate were searched for studies on the immune response of COVID-19 infection by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 increases the number of neutrophils, suppresses IFN, increases the activity of Th1/Th17, B cells, CD8+ and CD4+, and causes cytokine storms especially pro-inflammatory cytokines which can increase respiration disorders and multi-organ damage. This review tries to explain about pathogenesis and immune responses of COVID-19 to provide a reference in designing the appropriate immune intervention for treatment and therapeutic such as drug or vaccine based on the recent research progress SARS-CoV-2 and previous studies about SARS CoV and MERS CoV.