Potential Neurocognitive Symptoms Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Respiratory infections are among the major public health burdens, especially during winter. Along these lines, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the principal viral agent causing acute lower respiratory tract infections leading to hospitalization. The pulmonary manifestations due to hRSV infection are bronchiolitis and pneumonia, where the population most affected are infants and the elderly. However, recent evidence suggests that hRSV infection can impact the mother and fetus during pregnancy. Studies have indicated that hRSV can infect different cell types from the placenta and even cross the placenta barrier and infect the fetus. In addition, it is known that infections during the gestational period can lead to severe consequences for the development of the fetus due not only to a direct viral infection but also because of maternal immune activation (MIA). Furthermore, it has been described that the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus can be affected by the inflammatory environment of the uterus caused by viral infections. Increasing evidence supports the notion that hRSV could invade the CNS and infect nervous cells, such as microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, promoting neuroinflammation. Moreover, it has been described that the hRSV infection can provoke neurological manifestations, including cognitive impairment and behavioral alterations. Here, we will review the potential effect of hRSV in brain development and the potential long-term neurological sequelae.

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Considerations for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Targeting an Elderly Population

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060624 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Laura M. Stephens ◽

Steven M. Varga

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

The Elderly ◽

The United States ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Age Related ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most commonly associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. However, RSV also causes a high disease burden in the elderly that is often under recognized. Adults >65 years of age account for an estimated 80,000 RSV-associated hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths in the United States annually. RSV infection in aged individuals can result in more severe disease symptoms including pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Given the large disease burden caused by RSV in the aged, this population remains an important target for vaccine development. Aging results in lowered immune responsiveness characterized by impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity. This immune senescence poses a challenge when developing a vaccine targeting elderly individuals. An RSV vaccine tailored towards an elderly population will need to maximize the immune response elicited in order to overcome age-related defects in the immune system. In this article, we review the hurdles that must be overcome to successfully develop an RSV vaccine for use in the elderly, and discuss the vaccine candidates currently being tested in this highly susceptible population.

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Chemokine regulation of inflammation during respiratory syncytial virus infection

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.20061.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1837 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rinat Nuriev ◽

Cecilia Johansson

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

The Elderly ◽

Infection Process ◽

Viral Control ◽

Small Proteins ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Developed World ◽

Immune Detection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe lower respiratory tract infections especially in infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly and is the most common cause of infant hospitalisation in the developed world. The immune responses against RSV are crucial for viral control and clearance but, if dysregulated, can also result in immunopathology and impaired gas exchange. Lung immunity to RSV and other respiratory viruses begins with the recruitment of immune cells from the bloodstream into the lungs. This inflammatory process is controlled largely by chemokines, which are small proteins that are produced in response to innate immune detection of the virus or the infection process. These chemokines serve as chemoattractants for granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and other leukocytes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of RSV infection and disease, focusing on how chemokines regulate virus-induced inflammation.

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Respiratory syncytial virus and airway microbiota -- A complex interplay and its reflection on morbidity

10.22541/au.160638847.70128113/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Rossi ◽

Stefania Ballarini ◽

Michela Silvestri ◽

Oliviero Sacco ◽

Andrew Colin

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Positive Role ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

The immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in the pediatric population, with severe disease being the exception. The variability of the clinical presentation is incompletely explained by host, viral and environmental factors but, in infants and young children, disease severity is certainly linked to the physiological immune immaturity. There is evidence that the maturation of the host immune response is, at least in part, promoted by the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiome that, modulating excessive inflammation, can counteract the predisposition to develop viral respiratory infections and lower the risk of disease severity. However, interaction between the nasopharyngeal microbiota and respiratory viruses can be bidirectional. Microbial dysbiosis can drive disease pathogenesis but may also represents a reflection of the disease-induced alterations of the local milieu. Moreover, viruses like RSV, can also increase the virulence of potential pathogens in nasopharynx, which is a main reservoir of bacteria, and therefore promote their spread to the lower airways causing superinfection. Negative changes in microbial community composition in early life may constitute a heightened risk towards severe RSV respiratory infection and bacterial superinfection, whilst specific groups of microorganisms can be associated with protection. A better understanding into the potential negative and positive role of the different nasopharyngeal bacterial species in disease prevention as well as into the possible benefits of microbiome therapeutic manipulation, may improve patient outcomes.

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Contribution of Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells to Protective Immunity Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Their Impact on Vaccine Design

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8030147 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Retamal-Díaz ◽

Covián ◽

Pacheco ◽

Castiglione-Matamala ◽

Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Memory T Cells ◽

Effector Memory ◽

Memory Cells ◽

Effective Immune Response ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiological agent for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI). RSV-ALRI is the major cause of hospital admissions in young children, and it can cause in-hospital deaths in children younger than six months old. Therefore, RSV remains one of the pathogens deemed most important for the generation of a vaccine. On the other hand, the effectiveness of a vaccine depends on the development of immunological memory against the pathogenic agent of interest. This memory is achieved by long-lived memory T cells, based on the establishment of an effective immune response to viral infections when subsequent exposures to the pathogen take place. Memory T cells can be classified into three subsets according to their expression of lymphoid homing receptors: central memory cells (TCM), effector memory cells (TEM) and resident memory T cells (TRM). The latter subset consists of cells that are permanently found in non-lymphoid tissues and are capable of recognizing antigens and mounting an effective immune response at those sites. TRM cells activate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thus establishing a robust and rapid response characterized by the production of large amounts of effector molecules. TRM cells can also recognize antigenically unrelated pathogens and trigger an innate-like alarm with the recruitment of other immune cells. It is noteworthy that this rapid and effective immune response induced by TRM cells make these cells an interesting aim in the design of vaccination strategies in order to establish TRM cell populations to prevent respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of TRM cells, their contribution to the resolution of respiratory viral infections and the induction of TRM cells, which should be considered for the rational design of new vaccines against RSV.

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Parainfluenza type 3 outbreaks in Izmir children, Turkey

Tropical Doctor ◽

10.1258/004947507782333170 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 252-254

Author(s):

Figen Gülen ◽

Candan Cicek ◽

Zafer Kurugol ◽

Esen Demir ◽

Dost Zeyrek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Parainfluenza Viruses ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Aetiological Diagnosis ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Type 3

The present study was aimed to investigate characteristics of lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza type 3 viruses. Nasopharyngeal smears were taken from 178 patients with lower respiratory infections for the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses between December 2004 and April 2005. Parainfluenza type 3 was isolated from the viral specimens of 96 (53.9%) patients and it was noticeable that the parainfluenza type 3 outbreak occurs during winter. Obviously, improving the aetiological diagnosis of viral infections might avoid unnecessary therapy, antibiotics in particular, and would allow for preventive isolation of infected patients.

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Mitoxantrone Shows In Vitro, but Not In Vivo Antiviral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9091176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1176

Author(s):

Patricia G. de la Sota ◽

Elena Lorente ◽

Laura Notario ◽

Carmen Mir ◽

Oscar Zaragoza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

The Elderly ◽

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Mice Model ◽

Drug Candidates ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Syncytial Virus

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children, often leading to hospitalization. In addition, this virus poses a serious health risk in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. HRSV is also a major nosocomial hazard in healthcare service units for patients of all ages. Therefore, the development of antiviral treatments against HRSV is a global health priority. In this study, mitoxantrone, a synthetic anthraquinone with previously reported in vitro antiprotozoal and antiviral activities, inhibits HRSV replication in vitro, but not in vivo in a mice model. These results have implications for preclinical studies of some drug candidates.

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Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v12i2.2622 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fahimeh Sadat Aghamirmohammadali ◽

Kaveh Sadeghi ◽

Nazanin Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi ◽

Zahra Khoban ◽

Talat Mokhtari-Azad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Hospitalized Children ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Older Children ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Background and Objectives: Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) remain an important cause for childhood morbid- ity worldwide. We designed a research with the objective of finding the frequency of respiratory viruses, particularly WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV & KIPyV), human coronaviruses (HCoVs), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) in hospitalized children who were influenza negative. Materials and Methods: Throat swabs were collected from children younger than 5 years who have been hospitalized for SARI and screened for WUPyV, KIPyV, HCoVs, HRSV and HPeV using Real time PCR. Results: A viral pathogen was identified in 23 (11.16%) of 206 hospitalized children with SARI. The rate of virus detection was considerably greater in infants <12 months (78.2%) than in older children (21.8%). The most frequently detected vi- ruses were HCoVs with 7.76% of positive cases followed by KIPyV (2%) and WUPyV (1.5%). No HPeV and HRSV were detected in this study. Conclusion: This research shown respiratory viruses as causes of childhood acute respiratory infections, while as most of mentioned viruses usually causes mild respiratory diseases, their frequency might be higher in outpatient children. Mean- while as HRSV is really sensitive to inactivation due to environmental situations and its genome maybe degraded, then for future studies, we need to use fresh samples for HRSV detection. These findings addressed a need for more studies on viral respiratory tract infections to help public health.

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Immunological, Viral, Environmental, and Individual Factors Modulating Lung Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/875723 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Silvia Vandini ◽

Paolo Bottau ◽

Giacomo Faldella ◽

Marcello Lanari

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Animal Models ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

High Risk Infants ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Lung Response

Respiratory syncytial virus is a worldwide pathogen agent responsible for frequent respiratory tract infections that may become severe and potentially lethal in high risk infants and adults. Several studies have been performed to investigate the immune response that determines the clinical course of the infection. In the present paper, we review the literature on viral, environmental, and host factors influencing virus response; the mechanisms of the immune response; and the action of nonimmunological factors. These mechanisms have often been studied in animal models and in the present review we also summarize the main findings obtained from animal models as well as the limits of each of these models. Understanding the lung response involved in the pathogenesis of these respiratory infections could be useful in improving the preventive strategies against respiratory syncytial virus.

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Depletion of TAX1BP1 amplifies innate immune responses during respiratory syncytial virus infection

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00912-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Delphyne Descamps ◽

Andressa Peres de Oliveira ◽

Lorène Gonnin ◽

Sarah Madrières ◽

Jenna Fix ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cellular Protein ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Nucleoprotein N

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory infections in young children, and also has a major impact on the elderly and immunocompromised people. In the absence of a vaccine or efficient treatment, a better understanding of RSV interactions with the host antiviral response during infection is needed. Previous studies revealed that cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) where viral replication and transcription occur could play a major role in the control of innate immunity during infection by recruiting cellular proteins involved in the host antiviral response. We recently showed that the morphogenesis of IBs relies on a liquid-liquid phase separation mechanism depending on the interaction between viral nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P). These scaffold proteins are expected to play a central role in the recruitment of cellular proteins to IBs. Here, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using RSV N protein as a bait, and identified the cellular protein TAX1BP1 as a potential partner of this viral protein. This interaction was validated by pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays. We showed that TAX1BP1 suppression has only a limited impact on RSV infection in cell cultures. However, RSV replication is decreased in TAX1BP1-deficient mice (TAX1BP1 KO ), whereas the production of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines is enhanced. In vitro infection of wild-type or TAX1BP1 KO alveolar macrophages confirmed that the innate immune response to RSV infection is enhanced in the absence of TAX1BP1. Altogether, our results suggest that RSV could hijack TAX1BP1 to restrain the host immune response during infection. Importance Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, still remains a medical problem in the absence of vaccine or efficient treatment. This virus is also recognized as a main pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised people, and the occurrence of co-infections (with other respiratory viruses and bacteria) amplifies the risks of developing respiratory distress. In this context, a better understanding of the pathogenesis associated to viral respiratory infections, which depends on both viral replication and the host immune response, is needed. The present study reveals that the cellular protein TAX1BP1, which interacts with the RSV nucleoprotein N, participates in the control of the innate immune response during RSV infection, suggesting that N-TAX1BP1 interaction represents a new target for the development of antivirals.

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Evaluation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 among Hospitalized Children in Northwest of Iran

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/2270307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Zahra Ramezannia ◽

Javid Sadeghi ◽

Shahram Abdoli Oskouie ◽

Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee ◽

Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Winter Season ◽

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Limited Information ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Background. Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the leading cause of illnesses in children. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are among the most common etiologic agents associated with viral respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the spread of infections of these two viruses in northwest Iran. Objective. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the frequency of RSV and HPIV-3 and clinical features among Iranian children with confirmed respiratory infections between April 2019 and March 2020. Methods. 100 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients (under 5 years old) with ARTI from Tabriz Children’s Hospital. Detection of respiratory viruses was performed using the nested RT-PCR method. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus and HPIV-3 were recognized in 18% (18/100) and 2% (2/100) of children, respectively. Ten (55.6%) of the RSV-positive samples were male, while 8 (44.4%) were female. HPIV‐3 was found only among 2 male patients (100%). Most patients (61.1%) with RSV infection were less than 12 months old. Additionally, samples that were positive for HPIV-3 were less than 12 months old. RSV infections had occurred mainly during the winter season. Conclusions. This study confirms that RSV can be one of the important respiratory pathogens in children in northwestern Iran. However, according to this study, HPIV-3 has a lower prevalence among children in this area than RSV. Therefore, implementing a routine diagnosis for respiratory pathogens can improve the management of respiratory infections in children.

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