scholarly journals RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Michael Taliansky ◽  
Viktoria Samarskaya ◽  
Sergey K. Zavriev ◽  
Igor Fesenko ◽  
Natalia O. Kalinina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Plant Host

In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained unprecedented attention as new and crucial players in the regulation of numerous cellular processes and disease responses. In this review, we describe how diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs, may be used to engineer resistance against plant viruses. We discuss how double-stranded RNAs and small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and trans-acting small interfering RNAs, either produced in transgenic plants or delivered exogenously to non-transgenic plants, may constitute powerful RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology that can be exploited to control plant viruses. Additionally, we describe how RNA guided CRISPR-CAS gene-editing systems have been deployed to inhibit plant virus infections, and we provide a comparative analysis of RNAi approaches and CRISPR-Cas technology. The two main strategies for engineering virus resistance are also discussed, including direct targeting of viral DNA or RNA, or inactivation of plant host susceptibility genes. We also elaborate on the challenges that need to be overcome before such technologies can be broadly exploited for crop protection against viruses.

scholarly journals Artificial Small RNA-Based Silencing Tools for Antiviral Resistance in Plants

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana E. Cisneros ◽  
Alberto Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Resistance ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Rna And Dna

Artificial small RNAs (art-sRNAs), such as artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNAs (syn-tasiRNAs), are highly specific 21-nucleotide small RNAs designed to recognize and silence complementary target RNAs. Art-sRNAs are extensively used in gene function studies or for improving crops, particularly to protect plants against viruses. Typically, antiviral art-sRNAs are computationally designed to target one or multiple sites in viral RNAs with high specificity, and art-sRNA constructs are generated and introduced into plants that are subsequently challenged with the target virus(es). Numerous studies have reported the successful application of art-sRNAs to induce resistance against a large number of RNA and DNA viruses in model and crop species. However, the application of art-sRNAs as an antiviral tool has limitations, such as the difficulty to predict the efficacy of a particular art-sRNA or the emergence of virus variants with mutated target sites escaping to art-sRNA-mediated degradation. Here, we review the different classes, features, and uses of art-sRNA-based tools to induce antiviral resistance in plants. We also provide strategies for the rational design of antiviral art-sRNAs and discuss the latest advances in developing art-sRNA-based methodologies for enhanced resistance to plant viruses.

Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR-Cas9

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya R. Hinge ◽  
Rahul L. Chavhan ◽  
Sandeep P. Kale ◽  
Penna Suprasanna ◽  
Ulhas S. Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Plant Virus Resistance

: Various types biotic stresses affect growth and production of agricultural crops, among them viruses are of most concern which cause yield losses in all field crops; challenging global food security. Enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for effective management of plant viral diseases. In the present context of climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving and defeating the host resistance. Advances in genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9] have been recognized as a promising tool for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simple, efficient, and reproducible genetic manipulation. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved through gene targeting and cleaving viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have outlined the CRISPR-Cas9 system, plant immunity against viruses and use of CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discuss prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.

scholarly journals 651 Important Genes that Have Been Transferred or Are Available for Transfer

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 560A-560
Author(s):  
D.M. Tricoli ◽  
K.J. Carney ◽  
L.J. Nea ◽  
J.M. Palys ◽  
J.F. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Biological Traits

Many seed companies are using plant biotechnology as a valuable extension of conventional plant breeding with the goal of providing breeders with novel biological traits. The application of biotechnology allows scientists and breeders to make precise changes during the process of germplasm improvement. Many of the first improvements achieved using transgenic plants have involved the transfer of input traits. Some of these traits include, insect resistance, nematode resistance, disease resistance, and herbicide tolerance. For example, the insertion of a gene that produces the crystalline toxin from Bacillus thuringeinsis has led to the production of transgenic plants that are resistant to insects from the Order Lepidoptera. The transfer of coat protein genes from plant viruses has lead to the development of transgenic crops that are resistant to the virus from which the gene or genes were isolated. Various strategies have been developed that allow transgenic plants to tolerate applications of herbicides that allows for improved weed control. In addition to input traits, other strategies are now being used that are directed at improving output traits. These include such traits as enhanced shelf life, ripening control, altered oils, and superior processing characteristics. At Seminis Vegetable Seed Co., we are currently developing transgenic plants with enhanced input as well as output traits. We have an active program using pathogen derived genes to develop virus resistance cultivars in a range of crops including, tomato, cucurbits, and peppers. Using this approach, we have been able to develop plants with multiple virus resistance by transforming germplasm with constructs containing stacked genes. Seminis is currently marketing a hybrid squash variety with resistance to two major virus pathogens. Another major goal for Seminis is implementing biotechnology to improve various aspects of fruit quality including viscosity, color, softening, and shelf life. Through our collaboration with Zeneca we have developed a high viscosity tomato, which was produced by suppressing endogenous levels of polyglacturonase. This processed food product is currently on the market in the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Exogenous RNAs for Gene Regulation and Plant Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Dubrovina ◽  
Konstantin V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Exogenous Rna ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Uptake Mechanisms ◽  
Provided Examples

Recent investigations documented that plants can uptake and process externally applied double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) designed to silence important genes of plant pathogenic viruses, fungi, or insects. The exogenously applied RNAs spread locally and systemically, move into the pathogens, and induce RNA interference-mediated plant pathogen resistance. Recent findings also provided examples of plant transgene and endogene post-transcriptional down-regulation by complementary dsRNAs or siRNAs applied onto the plant surfaces. Understanding the plant perception and processing of exogenous RNAs could result in the development of novel biotechnological approaches for crop protection. This review summarizes and discusses the emerging studies reporting on exogenous RNA applications for down-regulation of essential fungal and insect genes, targeting of plant viruses, or suppression of plant transgenes and endogenes for increased resistance and changed phenotypes. We also analyze the current understanding of dsRNA uptake mechanisms and dsRNA stability in plant environments.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Jasmonate Signaling by Plant Viruses and Their Insect Vectors

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Wu ◽  
Jian Ye
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Molecular And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Ja Signaling

Plant viruses pose serious threats to stable crop yield. The majority of them are transmitted by insects, which cause secondary damage to the plant host from the herbivore-vector’s infestation. What is worse, a successful plant virus evolves multiple strategies to manipulate host defenses to promote the population of the insect vector and thereby furthers the disease pandemic. Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives (JAs) are lipid-based phytohormones with similar structures to animal prostaglandins, conferring plant defenses against various biotic and abiotic challenges, especially pathogens and herbivores. For survival, plant viruses and herbivores have evolved strategies to convergently target JA signaling. Here, we review the roles of JA signaling in the tripartite interactions among plant, virus, and insect vectors, with a focus on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that drive vector-borne plant viral diseases. This knowledge is essential for the further design and development of effective strategies to protect viral damages, thereby increasing crop yield and food security.

scholarly journals Field Application of Nanoliposomes Delivered Quercetin by Inhibiting Specific hsp70 Gene Expression Against Plant Virus Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kaiqiang Hao ◽  
Fangfei Yu ◽  
Lili Shen ◽  
Fenglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Control Efficiency

Abstract The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6% and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. This research is the first to report the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides.

scholarly journals CRISPR Applications in Plant Virology: Virus Resistance and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia O. Kalinina ◽  
Andrey Khromov ◽  
Andrew J. Love ◽  
Michael E. Taliansky
Keyword(s):  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Plant Virology ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Virus Diagnostics

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system which has been reprogrammed into a precise, simple, and efficient gene targeting technology. This emerging technology is revolutionizing various areas of life sciences, medicine, and biotechnology and has raised significant interest among plant biologists, both in basic science and in plant protection and breeding. In this review, we describe the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas systems, and how they can be deployed to model plants and crops for the control, monitoring, and study of the mechanistic aspects of plant virus infections. We discuss how Cas endonucleases can be used to engineer plant virus resistance by directly targeting viral DNA or RNA, as well as how they can inactivate host susceptibility genes. Additionally, other applications of CRISPR/Cas in plant virology such as virus diagnostics and imaging are reviewed. The review also provides a systemic comparison between CRISPR/Cas technology and RNA interference approaches, the latter of which has also been used for development of virus-resistant plants. Finally, we outline challenges to be solved before CRISPR/Cas can produce virus-resistant crop plants which can be marketed.

scholarly journals Field application of nanoliposomes delivered quercetin by inhibiting specific hsp70 gene expression against plant virus disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kaiqiang Hao ◽  
Fangfei Yu ◽  
Lili Shen ◽  
Fenglong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Control Efficiency

Abstract Background The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. Results In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6 and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. Conclusion This research innovatively reports the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Modification of Small RNAs Associated with Suppression of RNA Silencing by Tobamovirus Replicase Protein

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (19) ◽  
pp. 10379-10388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Vogler ◽  
Rashid Akbergenov ◽  
Padubidri V. Shivaprasad ◽  
Vy Dang ◽  
Monika Fasler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Silencing Suppressor ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Suppressor Activity ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Plant viruses act as triggers and targets of RNA silencing and have evolved proteins to suppress this plant defense response during infection. Although Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) triggers the production of virus-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), this does not lead to efficient silencing of TMV nor is a TMV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) hybrid able to induce silencing of a GFP-transgene in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating that a TMV silencing suppressor is active and acts downstream of siRNA production. On the other hand, TMV-GFP is unable to spread into cells in which GFP silencing is established, suggesting that the viral silencing suppressor cannot revert silencing that is already established. Although previous evidence indicates that the tobamovirus silencing suppressing activity resides in the viral 126-kDa small replicase subunit, the mechanism of silencing suppression by this virus family is not known. Here, we connect the silencing suppressing activity of this protein with our previous finding that Oilseed rape mosaic tobamovirus infection leads to interference with HEN1-mediated methylation of siRNA and micro-RNA (miRNA). We demonstrate that TMV infection similarly leads to interference with HEN1-mediated methylation of small RNAs and that this interference and the formation of virus-induced disease symptoms are linked to the silencing suppressor activity of the 126-kDa protein. Moreover, we show that also Turnip crinkle virus interferes with the methylation of siRNA but, in contrast to tobamoviruses, not with the methylation of miRNA.

scholarly journals Artificial MicroRNA-Mediated Virus Resistance in Plants

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 6690-6699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Qu ◽  
Jian Ye ◽  
Rongxiang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Short Hairpin Rna ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Hairpin Rna ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Artificial Mirna ◽  
Natural Defense ◽  
Short Hairpin

ABSTRACT RNA silencing in plants is a natural defense system against foreign genetic elements including viruses. This natural antiviral mechanism has been adopted to develop virus-resistant plants through expression of virus-derived double-stranded RNAs or hairpin RNAs, which in turn are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the host's RNA silencing machinery. While these virus-specific siRNAs were shown to be a hallmark of the acquired virus resistance, the functionality of another set of the RNA silencing-related small RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), in engineering plant virus resistance has not been extensively explored. Here we show that expression of an artificial miRNA, targeting sequences encoding the silencing suppressor 2b of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), can efficiently inhibit 2b gene expression and protein suppressor function in transient expression assays and confer on transgenic tobacco plants effective resistance to CMV infection. Moreover, the resistance level conferred by the transgenic miRNA is well correlated to the miRNA expression level. Comparison of the anti-CMV effect of the artificial miRNA to that of a short hairpin RNA-derived small RNA targeting the same site revealed that the miRNA approach is superior to the approach using short hairpin RNA both in transient assays and in transgenic plants. Together, our data demonstrate that expression of virus-specific artificial miRNAs is an effective and predictable new approach to engineering resistance to CMV and, possibly, to other plant viruses as well.

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