scholarly journals Sources of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight and Charcoal Rot Disease for the Production of Mesoamerican Common Beans in the Southern United States

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
Daniel Ambachew ◽  
Jacqueline Joshua ◽  
Margaret T. Mmbaga ◽  
Matthew W. Blair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Level Resistance

The gene pool of Mesoamerican common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) includes genotypes in the small-to-medium-size seeded dry beans, as well as some snap beans from hotter environments adapted to the Southeastern United States. However, the warm and humid climate of the Southeastern United States is conducive to diseases such as Common Bacterial Blight (CBB) and Charcoal Rot (CR). The pathogens for these two diseases can survive long periods in infested soil or on seeds and are difficult to control through pesticides. Hence, field-level resistance would be the best management strategy for these diseases. The goals of this study were (1) to evaluate field-level resistance from the various commercial classes and subgroups represented in the Mesoamerican gene pool as sources for breeding beans for the region and (2) to evaluate genome-wide marker × trait associations (GWAS) using genetic markers for the genotypes. A total of 300 genotypes from the Mesoamerican Diversity Panel (MDP) were evaluated for CBB and CR in field experiments for three years. CBB resistance was also tested with a field isolate in controlled greenhouse conditions. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of variability in the MDP for the evaluated traits. We also identified adapted common bean genotypes that could be used directly in Southeastern production or that could be good parents in breeding programs for CBB and CR resistance. The GWAS detected 14 significant Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with CBB resistance distributed on five chromosomes, namely Pv02, Pv04, Pv08, Pv10, and Pv11, but no loci for resistance to CR. A total of 89 candidate genes were identified in close vicinity (±100 kb) to the significant CBB markers, some of which could be directly or indirectly involved in plant defense to diseases. These results provide a basis to further understand the complex inheritance of CBB resistance in Mesoamerican common beans and show that this biotic stress is unrelated to CR resistance, which was evident during a drought period. Genotypes with good yield potential for the Southeastern U.S. growing conditions were found with resistant to infection by the two diseases, as well as adaptation to the hot and humid conditions punctuated by droughts found in this region.

scholarly journals Detection and quantification of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and its variant fuscans in common bean seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norimar D'Ávila Denardin ◽  
Vanessa Andréia Agostini
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Overnight Incubation ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
The Common

The common bacterial blight of common beans (CBCF), a disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xapf), significantly reduces grain yield and seed quality. Because this bacterium is mainly disseminated through infected seeds, efficient detection of Xap and Xapf is important to assure the productivity and quality of the crop. In this study, various techniques that included different extraction techniques (two different incubation times, with and without centrifugation) and five culture media (Kado 523, GYCA, MXP, NSA, and PTSA) were tested for the detection of the seed-borne inoculum, using three different seed samples. Overnight incubation of the seeds, followed by centrifugation and incubation in Kado 523 resulted in higher extraction of Xap and Xapf. The best extraction technique was overnight incubation followed by centrifugation, and the best medium was PTSA. Among the tested culture media, PTSA provided better identification and counting of the bacterial colonies, thus allowing the quantification of the seed infection levels.

Coaches’ Views of Risk, Pain, and Injury in Sport, with Special Reference to Gender Differences

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard L. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Comprehensive University ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
College Coaches ◽  
Sports Illustrated

The main purpose of this paper is to consider the extent to which college coaches subscribe to a set of beliefs in the culture of sport concerning risk, pain, and injury. These beliefs were derived from a prior content analysis of Sports Illustrated. A secondary purpose of this paper is to consider whether gender makes a difference in how coaches think about risk, pain, and injury. The data are from a survey of coaches at a medium-size (11,500-student) comprehensive university in the southeastern United States. The results showed ambivalence among coaches in their views of risk, pain, and injury, which suggested the existence of a risk–pain–injury paradox.

Patterns of resistance to angular leaf spot, anthracnose and common bacterial blight in common bean germplasm

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. A. Islam ◽  
K. E. Basford ◽  
R. J. Redden ◽  
C. Jara ◽  
S. Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Angular Leaf Spot ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andean Gene Pool ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Diseases and insect pests are major causes of low yields of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Latin America and Africa. Anthracnose, angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight are widespread foliar diseases of common bean that also infect pods and seeds. One thousand and eighty-two accessions from a common bean core collection from the primary centres of origin were investigated for reaction to these three diseases. Angular leaf spot and common bacterial blight were evaluated in the field at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia, and anthracnose was evaluated in a screenhouse in Popay�n, Colombia. By using the 15-group level from a hierarchical clustering procedure, it was found that 7 groups were formed with mainly Andean common bean accessions (Andean gene pool), 7 groups with mainly Middle American accessions (Middle American gene pool), while 1�group contained mixed accessions. Consistent with the theory of co-evolution, it was generally observed that accessions from the Andean gene pool were resistant to Middle American pathogen isolates causing anthracnoxe, while the Middle American accessions were resistant to pathogen isolates from the Andes. Different combinations of resistance patterns were found, and breeders can use this information to select a specific group of accessions on the basis of their need.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Tepary Beans

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 839F-840
Author(s):  
A. Dursun ◽  
D.P. Coyne ◽  
M.F. Mohamed ◽  
G. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Dominant Genes

Common bacterial blight, incited by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp), is a serious disease of common beans [Phaseolus vulgaris (P. v.)]. Some tepary beans (P. acutifolius) are resistant (R) to Xcp and used to breed P. v. with R to Xcp. The objective was to determine the inheritance of the reaction to different strains of Xcp in crosses between susceptible (S) and R tepary lines. The parents, F2, and F3 populations from six tepary crosses involving 3 R × S, 1 R × moderately (M) R, and 2 R × R were inoculated with Xcp strains EK-11, LB-2, and SC-4A. Different single dominant genes controlled the reaction to different Xcp isolates in R × S crosses. Coupling linkage was detected between the genes controlling the reactions to each of the Xcp strains in the crosses NE #4B(s) × NE #19(R) and NE #4B(S) × CIAT-640005(R), except for NE #8A(MR) × NE #4B(S) with strains EK-11 and LB-2 and EK-11 and SC-4A. Transgressive segregation for S was observed in the F2 and F3 NE #8A × NE #8B(R), indicating that the parents possessed different genes for R. No segregation for reactions occurred n the F2 NE #8B × NE #19 and NE #19 × CIAT-640005, indicating that these parents possessed the same genes for R to the three strains.

scholarly journals Photoperiod Sometimes Influences Common Bacterial Blight Disease of Common Beans

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Mohamed ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
High Level

Common bacterial blight, incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye (Xcp), is a serious disease of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Three experiments were conducted twice in growth chambers at 26 ± 1C under short (10 hours light/14 hours dark) and long (16 hours light/8 hours dark) photoperiods to determine the influence of these photoperiods, flower bud removal, pod development, and pre- and post-inoculation photoperiods on the reaction of common beans to Xcp. In one test, `PC-50' (susceptible; S) flowered earlier and was more susceptible to Xcp under the short photoperiod than under the long photoperiod. BAC-6 (resistant; R) flowered at the same time under both photoperiods but developed rapid leaf chlorosis (RLC) (hypersensitive reaction) under long photoperiods. Flowering and disease reactions to Xcp by XAN-159 (R) were similar under both photoperiods. In a second test, daily removal of flower buds of `PC-50' decreased its susceptibility to Xcp under the short photoperiod. RLC of inoculated leaves of BAC-6 occurred during flowering and pod development under both photoperiods. XAN-159 expressed a high level of resistance to Xcp but showed RLC at later pod development stages. In a third test, the disease reaction of `PC-50' was affected by the particular photoperiod applied post-inoculation but was not influenced by the photoperiod applied before inoculation with Xcp. The implications of these results in breeding beans for resistance to Xcp are discussed.

scholarly journals A Radiation-induced Mutant with Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight Disease in Common Beans

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Mohamed ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne ◽  
Paul E. Read
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Bacterial Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Induced Mutant

The leaf reaction of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. germplasm—UNECA (M6 mutant derived from the cultivar Chimbolito, Costa Rica), `Chimbolito', BAC-6 (Brazil), XAN-159 (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia), and `PC-50' (Domican Republic)—to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli strain V4S1 (Dominican Republic) were determined in two replicated trials conducted in a greenhouse in Lincoln, Neb. (Feb.–Mar. and July–Aug. 1993). `PC-50' and `Chimbolito' were susceptible to Xcp strain V4S1 in both tests. UNECA, BAC-6, and XAN-159 had similar levels of resistance to Xcp in the July to August trial. However, in the February to March trial, the resistance of UNECA was greater than that of BAC-6 but less than that of XAN-159.

scholarly journals Using Breeding Populations With a Dual Purpose: Cultivar Development and Gene Mapping—A Case Study Using Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin J. Simons ◽  
Atena Oladzad ◽  
Robin Lamppa ◽  
Maniruzzaman ◽  
Phillip E. McClean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Breeding Populations

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important worldwide legume crop with low to moderate levels of resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. A total of 852 genotypes (cultivars, preliminary and advanced breeding lines) from the North Dakota State University dry bean breeding program were tested for their effectiveness as populations for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genomic regions associated with resistance to CBB, to exploit the associated markers for marker-assisted breeding (MAB), and to identify candidate genes. The genotypes were evaluated in a growth chamber for disease resistance at both the unifoliate and trifoliate stages. At the unifoliate stage, 35% of genotypes were resistant, while 25% of genotypes were resistant at the trifoliate stage. Libraries generated from each genotype were sequenced using the Illumina platform. After filtering for sequence quality, read depth, and minor allele frequency, 41,998 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 30,285 SNPs were used in GWAS for the Middle American and Andean gene pools, respectively. One region near the distal end of Pv10 near the SAP6 molecular marker from the Andean gene pool explained 26.7–36.4% of the resistance variation. Three to seven regions from the Middle American gene pool contributed to 25.8–27.7% of the resistance, with the most significant peak also near the SAP6 marker. Six of the eight total regions associated with CBB resistance are likely the physical locations of quantitative trait loci identified from previous genetic studies. The two new locations associated with CBB resistance are located at Pv10:22.91–23.36 and Pv11:52.4. A lipoxgenase-1 ortholog on Pv10 emerged as a candidate gene for CBB resistance. The state of one SNP on Pv07 was associated with susceptibility. Its subsequent use in MAB would reduce the current number of lines in preliminary and advanced field yield trial by up to 14% and eliminate only susceptible genotypes. These results provide a foundational SNP data set, improve our understanding of CBB resistance in dry bean, and impact resource allocation within breeding programs as breeding populations may be used for dual purposes: cultivar development as well as genetic studies.

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