scholarly journals Herbicide Efficacy of Spot Spraying Systems in Fallow and Postharvest in the Pacific Northwest Dryland Wheat Production Region

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2725
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. Genna ◽  
Jennifer A. Gourlie ◽  
Judit Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Community Types

Real-time spot spraying technology has the potential to reduce herbicide costs and slow herbicide resistance. However, few studies exist on the efficacy of this technology in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This research compared the herbicide efficacy (reduction in weed density and cover) of WEED-IT and WeedSeeker spot spraying systems to uniform spraying in fallow and postharvest in 2019 and 2020. Weed community types included naturally occurring weeds, natural + Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.), or natural + kochia (Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott). Herbicides included glyphosate or the pre-mix bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole. Additionally, herbicide efficacy was studied with short stubble (~10 cm), tall stubble (~25 cm), and normal stubble (~20 cm) with chaff and straw removed. In fallow, herbicide efficacy was 1.5 times higher for uniform applications than for WEED-IT or WeedSeeker in 2019 and 2020. Herbicide efficacy was also 1.9 times higher for uniform applications in postharvest in 2019 but no differences were found in 2020. The weed community impacted herbicide efficacy but herbicide efficacy did not differ between residue management treatments. Finally, WEED-IT and WeedSeeker used 53% less herbicide volume in comparison to uniform applications. This research demonstrated that spot spraying technology can be efficacious and economical for growers in the PNW.

Machinery systems for pea and winter wheat production in the pacific northwest

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
D.E. Wilkins ◽  
R.R. Allmaras ◽  
J.M. Kraft ◽  
R.E. Ramig
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
The Pacific

Water conservation practices for sustainable dryland farming systems in the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Hammel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Wind And Water Erosion

Sustainable crop production in the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed areas relies heavily on tillage and residue management systems to conserve water. Stable, sustainable yields cannot be achieved without adequate water conservation techniques. Frozen soil can reduce infiltration markedly, which decreases overwinter profile water storage and can cause severe soil erosion. Uncurbed evaporation losses throughout the year can greatly limit yields, particularly with summer fallow.In both summer-fallowed and annually cropped regions where soil freezes frequently, fall tillage is used to increase surface macroporosity and to provide open channels to below the frost depth. This enhances infiltration throughout the winter and insures better water intake during rapid snowmelt and rainfall when the soil is frozen. Fall tillage enhances overwinter water recharge under these conditions, whereas in areas where soil freezes infrequently, it does not improve water storage efficiency.In the dry-farmed regions receiving less than 330 mm annual precipitation, a winter wheat-fallow system is used to reduce the risk of uneconomical yields. Successful establishment of winter wheat following summer fallow is feasible only when proper management has suppressed evaporative loss. During the dry summer fallow, tillage is used to develop and maintain a soil mulch that restricts the flow of water, as both liquid and vapor. The tillage mulch effectively conserves stored soil water and maintains adequate seedzone moisture for fall establishment of winter wheat. However, the soil mulch can lead to high wind and water erosion.In the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed region, tillage by itself is not considered a substitute for proper residue management. Crop residues following harvest are important for conserving water and controlling erosion. Under conservation programs implemented since 1985, shallow subsurface tillage systems that maintain residues on the surface have substantially reduced wind and water erosion in the region. Surface residues are effective in decreasing evaporative water loss and trapping snow during the winter, and therefore increase overwinter recharge. While surface residues are much less effective in suppressing evaporative losses in dry-farmed areas during extended dry periods, residues provide substantial control of wind and water erosion during the fallow.Before conservation tillage systems came into use in the Pacific Northwest, water conservation frequently was achieved only through tillage. This helped to stabilize yields, but at a high cost to the soil resource. Poor use of surface residues and intensive tillage contributed to extensive wind and water erosion. Continued use of these practices would have caused yields to decline over time and required greater agrichemical inputs. To meet soil and water conservation needs, site-specific tillage and residue management systems were developed to account for the diversity and variability of soils and climate across the Pacific Northwest. Common to all these production systems is that both water conservation and effective residue management to protect the soil are required for long-term sustainable production.

Nitrogen Fertility and Weed Management Critical for Continuous No-Till Wheat in the Pacific Northwest

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Mark E. Thorne ◽  
Douglas L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
N Level ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Density And Biomass

No-till cropping is an option for growers needing to reduce soil erosion in the Palouse annual-cropped region of the Pacific Northwest, which is well suited for wheat production. A 6-yr field study was conducted to determine optimum levels of fertilizer and herbicide inputs in a no-till continuous wheat crop production system. Three levels of nitrogen (N) and two weed management levels (WML) were compared in a spring wheat (SW)–winter wheat (WW)–WW rotation through two rotation cycles. The high WML reduced weed densities about 50% compared with the low WML. In general, herbicide treatments were more effective on broadleaf weeds and may have facilitated a shift toward grass weeds. The high WML reduced grass weed biomass only at the reduced N levels, whereas the high WML reduced broadleaf weed density at all N levels. Variable environmental conditions affected wheat yield; however, yield tended to be highest where winter wheat immediately followed spring wheat. Nitrogen had little effect on weed density but increased crop yield about 13% with each increased N level. Crop yield was greater at the high versus low WML at each N level, even though weed density and biomass were reduced least between WMLs at the highest N level. The highest crop yield and net returns were obtained with the highest N and WML; however, none of the N and WML combinations were profitable.

A real-time PCR assay for detection of light leaf spot onBrassicacrops in the Pacific Northwest of the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Thomas ◽  
Maryna Serdani ◽  
Briana Claassen ◽  
Morgan Schneider ◽  
Althea M. Hinds-Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa

Real-Time Simulation of the GOES-R ABI for User Readiness and Product Evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Greenwald ◽  
R. Bradley Pierce ◽  
Todd Schaack ◽  
Jason Otkin ◽  
Marek Rogal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract In support of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R series (GOES-R) program, the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison is generating high quality simulated Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) radiances and derived products in real time over the continental United States. These data are mainly used for testing data-handling systems, evaluating ABI-derived products, and providing training material for forecasters participating in GOES-R Proving Ground test bed activities. The modeling system used to generate these datasets consists of advanced regional and global numerical weather prediction models in addition to state-of-the-art radiative transfer models, retrieval algorithms, and land surface datasets. The system and its generated products are evaluated for the 2014 Pacific Northwest wildfires; the 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, tornado; and Hurricane Sandy. Simulated aerosol optical depth over the Front Range of Colorado during the Pacific Northwest wildfires was validated using high-density Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements. The aerosol, cloud, and meteorological modeling system used to generate ABI radiances was found to capture the transport of smoke from the Pacific wildfires into the Front Range of Colorado and true-color imagery created from these simulated radiances provided visualization of the smoke plumes. Evaluation of selected simulated ABI-derived products for the Moore tornado and Hurricane Sandy cases was done using real-time GOES sounder/imager products produced at CIMSS. Results show that simulated ABI moisture and atmospheric stability products, cloud products, and red–green–blue (RGB) airmass composite imagery are well suited as proxy ABI data for user preparedness.

scholarly journals Detection and Quantification of Pratylenchus thornei in DNA Extracted from Soil Using Real-Time PCR

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiping Yan ◽  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Patricia A. Okubara
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Greenhouse Soils ◽  
Positive Correlations

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is one of the most important pests restricting productivity of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). It is laborious and difficult to use microscopy to count and identify the nematodes in soils. A SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect and quantify this species from DNA extracts of soil. A primer set, designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, was highly specific to P. thornei and did not amplify DNA from 27 isolates of other Pratylenchus spp., other nematodes, and six fungal species present in PNW wheat fields. A standard curve relating threshold cycle and log values of nematode number was generated from artificially infested soils. The standard curve was supported by a high correlation between the numbers of P. thornei added to soil and the numbers quantified using real-time PCR. Examination of 15 PNW dryland field soils and 20 greenhouse samples revealed significant positive correlations between the numbers determined by real-time PCR and by the Whitehead tray and microscopic method. Real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive alternative to time-consuming nematode extractions, microscopic identification, and counting of P. thornei from field and greenhouse soils.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Increase of Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut Orchards in the Pacific Northwest

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1214-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Pinkerton ◽  
K. B. Johnson ◽  
D. E. Aylor ◽  
J. K. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Production Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Wind Currents

Since its first detection in southwest Washington state 30 years ago, eastern filbert blight, caused by Anisogramma anomala, has spread slowly southward (≈2 km/year) into the Willamette Valley of Oregon, an important hazelnut production region. Experiments were conducted to measure gradients of disease spread, rates of disease increase as affected by distance from an inoculum source and variation in host plant resistance, and dispersal of ascospores of A. anomala from diseased orchards. In each of 3 years, 1-year-old hazelnut trees placed from 0 to 150 m north of diseased orchards were infected uniformly and slopes of disease gradients were not significantly different from zero. In 1 year when trees also were placed south of an orchard, the disease gradient was significant (P < 0.05), with disease incidence high at the edge of the orchard and few trees infected at 10 m south of the orchard. Disease gradients were shallower and the magnitude of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) greater in 0.1-ha mini-orchards of highly susceptible cv. Ennis than in mini-orchards of moderately susceptible cvs. Barcelona or Casina. Lower AUDPC values were observed in mini-orchards of Barcelona interplanted with a moderately resistant pollenizer Hall's Giant compared with the highly susceptible pollenizer Daviana. Fungicides applied biweekly starting at bud break reduced AUDPC values in Ennis mini-orchards to values observed in Barcelona and Casina mini-orchards. Data from aspirated spore samplers placed on towers adjacent to severely diseased hazelnut orchards indicated that spores of A. anomala dispersed horizontally and vertically away from the canopy during periods of extended branch wetness and, thus, show potential to be transported long distances in wind currents. Weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest may account for the relatively slow, southward spread of eastern filbert blight within Oregon's Willamette Valley. Of 196 precipitation events greater than 10 h in duration recorded from 1974 to 1995, conditions most favorable for ascospores discharge, periods with wind from the north were rare, representing <6% of total hours.

scholarly journals Herbicide Resistance, Tillage, and Community Management in the Pacific Northwest

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1937
Author(s):  
Katherine Dentzman ◽  
Ian Cristofer Burke
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Management ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Fail Safe

The use of glyphosate as a replacement for tillage has been credited with spurring the adoption of conservation tillage in the United States. With herbicide-resistant weeds becoming a significant agronomic problem, however, it is unclear whether conservation tillage gains are in danger of being reversed as farmers turn to tillage to manage weeds that herbicides can no longer kill. Using 2015 focus groups, a 2016 national survey, and an ongoing Community Herbicide Resistance Management Initiative in four communities of the Pacific Northwest we assess the following questions: (1) How do U.S. farmers view tillage as an option for controlling herbicide-resistant weeds, (2) Do attitudes towards and experience with herbicide-resistant increase farmers’ usage of tillage, and (3) Can community management provide an avenue for maintaining conservation tillage while also increasing effective management of herbicide-resistant weeds? We find that many farmers consider tillage to be an emergency fail-safe in managing weeds, that there is a complex relationship between herbicide resistance awareness, concern, and tillage use that can be partly explained by experience and dedication to conservation tillage, and finally that community management has the potential to provide the support and resources necessary to prevent a large-scale increase in tillage related to herbicide resistance management.

scholarly journals Integrated Weed Management Systems Identified for Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) in the Pacific Northwest

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Daniel A. Ball ◽  
Donn C. Thill ◽  
J. Richard Alldredge ◽  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
F Region ◽  
The Pacific

Jointed goatgrass is an invasive winter annual grass weed that is a particular problem in the low to intermediate rainfall zones of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). For the most part, single-component research has been the focus of previous jointed goatgrass studies. In 1996, an integrated cropping systems study for the management of jointed goatgrass was initiated in Washington, Idaho, and Oregon in the traditional winter wheat (WW)–fallow (F) region of the PNW. The study evaluated eight integrated weed management (IWM) systems that included combinations of either a one-time stubble burn (B) or a no-burn (NB) treatment, a rotation of either WW–F–WW or spring wheat (SW)–F–WW, and either a standard (S) or an integrated (I) practice of planting winter wheat. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate and identify complete IWM systems for jointed goatgrass control in winter wheat. At the Idaho location, in a very low weed density, no IWM system was identified that consistently had the highest yield, reduced grain dockage, and reduced weed densities. However, successful IWM systems for jointed goatgrass management were identified as weed populations increased. At the Washington location, in a moderate population of jointed goatgrass, the best IWM system based on the above responses was the B:SW–F–WW:S system. At the Washington site, this system was better than the integrated planting system because the competitive winter wheat variety did not perform well in drought conditions during the second year of winter wheat. At the Oregon site, a location with a high weed density, the system B:SW–F–WW:I produced consistently higher grain yields, reduced grain dockage, and reduced jointed goatgrass densities. These integrated systems, if adopted by PNW growers in the wheat–fallow area, would increase farm profits by decreasing dockage, decreasing farm inputs, and reducing herbicide resistance in jointed goatgrass.

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