scholarly journals Phenotypic Plasticity in the Structure of Fine Adventitious Metasequoia glyptostroboides Roots Allows Adaptation to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaodong Yang ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Shuangshuang Hu ◽  
Cunyu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Central China ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae) is a rare deciduous conifer which grows successfully in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This tree has a narrow natural distribution in central China but is cultivated worldwide. Using histochemical staining and microscopy (both brightfield and epifluorescent), we investigated whether the phenotypic anatomical and histochemical plasticity in the fine adventitious roots of M. glyptostroboides has promoted the adaptation of this plant to aquatic and terrestrial environments. The fine root development and cortex sloughing of M. glyptostroboides occurs later in aquatic habitats than in terrestrial habitats. Anatomical and histochemical analyses have revealed that the apoplastic barriers in the primary growth of the fine roots consist of the endodermis and exodermis with Casparian bands, suberin lamellae, and secondarily lignified cell walls. There were also lignified phi (Φ) thickenings in the cortex. In both aquatic and terrestrial roots, secondary growth was observed in the vascular cambium, which produced secondary xylem and phloem, as well as in the phellogen, which produced cork. As compared to terrestrial adventitious roots, aquatic adventitious roots had multiple lignified Φ thickenings throughout the cortex, larger air spaces, dilated parenchyma, and dense suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermis. Our results thus indicate that phenotypic plasticity in the anatomical features of the fine adventitious roots, including apoplastic barriers, air spaces, and lignified Φ thickenings, might support the adaptation of M. glyptostroboides to both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

scholarly journals Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-463
Author(s):  
Linbao Li ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Qiaoling Zhen ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Liwen Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Three Gorges ◽  
Casparian Bands ◽  
The Three Gorges ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers ◽  
Young Stage

Abstract Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae) is an endangered plant that is narrowly distributed in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges, along the Yangtze River, China. Using bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy, we investigated the anatomical and histochemical features that allow this species to tolerate both submerged and terrestrial environments. The adventitious roots of Myr. laxiflora had an endodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae; the cortex and hypodermal walls had lignified thickenings in the primary structure. In the mature roots, the secondary structure had cork. The apoplastic barriers in stems consisted of a lignified fiber ring and a cuticle at the young stage and cork at the mature stage. The leaves had two layers of palisade tissue, a hyaline epidermis, sunken stomata, and a thick, papillose cuticle. Aerenchyma presented in the roots and shoots. Several Myr. laxiflora structures, including aerenchyma, apoplastic barriers in the roots and shoots, were adapted to riparian habitats. In addition, shoots had typical xerophyte features, including small leaves, bilayer palisade tissues, sunken stomata, a thick, papillose cuticle, and a hyaline epidermis. Thus, our study identified several anatomical features that may permit Myr. laxiflora to thrive in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges, China.

scholarly journals Cryogenian glacial habitats as a plant terrestrialization cradle – the origin of Anydrophyta and Zygnematophyceae split

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Dan Zarsky ◽  
Vojtech Zarsky ◽  
Martin Hanacek ◽  
Viktor Zarsky
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Cover Up ◽  
Early Neoproterozoic

For tens of millions of years (Ma) the terrestrial habitats of Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period (between 720 to 635 Ma before present - Neoproterozoic Era) were possibly dominated by global snow and ice cover up to the equatorial sublimative desert. The most recent time-calibrated phylogenies calibrated not only on plants, but on a comprehensive set of eukaryotes, indicate within the Streptophyta, multicellular Charophyceae evolved in Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, while Cryogenian is the time of likely Anydrophyta origin (common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta) and also of Zygnematophyceae – Embryophyta split. Based on the combination of published phylogenomic studies and estimated diversification time comparisons we found strong support for the possibility Anydrophyta likely evolved in response to Cryogenian cooling, and that later in Cryogenian secondary simplification of multicellular Anydrophytes resulted in Zygnematophyceae diversification. We propose Marinoan geochemically documented expansion of first terrestrial flora has been represented not only by Chlorophyta, but also by Streptophyta – including the Anydrophyta – and later by Zygnematophyceae, thriving on glacial surfaces until today. It is possible multicellular early Embryophytes survived in less abundant, possibly relatively warmer refugia, relying more on mineral substrates allowing retention of flagella-based sexuality. Loss of flagella and sexual reproduction by conjugation evolved in Zygnematophyceae during Cryogenian in a remarkable convergent way as in Cryogenian-appearing zygomycetous fungi. We thus support the concept of the important basal cellular exaptations to terrestrial environments evolved in streptophyte algae and propose this was stimulated by the adaptation to glacial habitats dominating the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. Including the glacial lifestyle in the picture of the rise of land plants increases the parsimony of connecting different ecological, phylogenetic and physiological puzzles of the journey from aquatic algae to the terrestrial floras.

scholarly journals Anatomy and Histochemistry of Roots and Shoots in Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaodong Yang ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Junkai Li ◽  
Manzhu Bao ◽  
Dejiang Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Wild rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.) is a famous, perennial, emergent vegetable in China. The current work explores the anatomy and histochemistry of roots, stems, and leaves and the permeability of apoplastic barriers of wild rice. The adventitious roots in wild rice have suberized and lignified endodermis and adjacent, thick-walled cortical layers and suberized and lignified hypodermis, composed of a uniseriate sclerenchyma layer (SC) underlying uniseriate exodermis; they also have lysigenous aerenchyma. Stems have a thickened epidermal cuticle, a narrow peripheral mechanical ring (PMR), an outer ring of vascular bundles, and an inner ring of vascular bundles embedded in a multiseriate sclerenchyma ring (SCR). There is evidence of suberin in stem SCR and PMR sclerenchyma cells. Sheathing leaves are characterized by thick cuticles and fibrous bundle sheath extensions. Air spaces in stems and leaves consist of mostly lysigenous aerenchyma and pith cavities in stems. Apoplastic barriers are found in roots and stems.

scholarly journals Primary and secondary aerenchyma oxygen transportation pathways of Syzygium kunstleri (King) Bahadur & R. C. Gaur adventitious roots in hypoxic conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Duck Sou ◽  
Masaya Masumori ◽  
Takashi Yamanoshita ◽  
Takeshi Tange
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Oxygen Microelectrodes ◽  
Oxygen Transport System

AbstractSome plant species develop aerenchyma to avoid anaerobic environments. In Syzygium kunstleri (King) Bahadur & R. C. Gaur, both primary and secondary aerenchyma were observed in adventitious roots under hypoxic conditions. We clarified the function of and relationship between primary and secondary aerenchyma. To understand the function of primary and secondary aerenchyma in adventitious roots, we measured changes in primary and secondary aerenchyma partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) after injecting nitrogen (N2) into the stem 0–3 cm above the water surface using Clark-type oxygen microelectrodes. Following N2 injection, a decrease in pO2 was observed in the primary aerenchyma, secondary aerenchyma, and rhizosphere. Oxygen concentration in the primary aerenchyma, secondary aerenchyma, and rhizosphere also decreased after the secondary aerenchyma was removed from near the root base. The primary and secondary aerenchyma are involved in oxygen transport, and in adventitious roots, they participate in the longitudinal movement of oxygen from the root base to root tip. As cortex collapse occurs from secondary growth, the secondary aerenchyma may support or replace the primary aerenchyma as the main oxygen transport system under hypoxic conditions.

scholarly journals Feeding behaviour in a ‘basal’ tortoise provides insights on the transitional feeding mode at the dawn of modern land turtle evolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Natchev ◽  
Nikolay Tzankov ◽  
Ingmar Werneburg ◽  
Egon Heiss
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Food Transport ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Feeding Systems

Almost all extant land turtles are highly associated with terrestrial habitats and the few tortoises with high affinity to aquatic environment are found within the genus Manouria. Manouria belongs to a clade which forms the sister taxon to all remaining tortoises and is suitable to be used as a model for studying evolutionary transitions from water to land within modern turtles. We analysed the feeding behaviour of M. emys and due to its phylogenetic position, we hypothesise that the species might have retained some ancestral characteristics associated to aquatic lifestyle. We tested whether M. emys is able to feed both in aquatic and terrestrial environments as mud turtles do. In fact, M. emys repetitively tried to reach submerged food items in water, but always failed to grasp them and no suction feeding mechanism was applied. When feeding on land, M. emys showed another peculiar behaviour; it grasped food items by its jaws – a behaviour typical for aquatic or semiaquatic turtles – and not by the tongue as in the typical feeding mode in all tortoises studied so far. In M. emys, the hyolingual complex remained retracted during all food uptake sequences, but the food transport was entirely lingual based. The kinematical profile significantly differed from those described for other tortoises and from those proposed from the general models on the function of the feeding systems in lower tetrapods. We conclude that the feeding behaviour of M. emys might reflect a remnant of the primordial condition expected in the aquatic ancestor of tortoises.

scholarly journals Feeding behaviour in a ‘basal’ tortoise provides insights on the transitional feeding mode at the dawn of modern land turtle evolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Natchev ◽  
Nikolay Tzankov ◽  
Ingmar Werneburg ◽  
Egon Heiss
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Food Transport ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Feeding Systems

Almost all extant land turtles are highly associated with terrestrial habitats and the few tortoises with high affinity to aquatic environment are found within the genus Manouria. Manouria belongs to a clade which forms the sister taxon to all remaining tortoises and is suitable to be used as a model for studying evolutionary transitions from water to land within modern turtles. We analysed the feeding behaviour of M. emys and due to its phylogenetic position, we hypothesise that the species might have retained some ancestral characteristics associated to aquatic lifestyle. We tested whether M. emys is able to feed both in aquatic and terrestrial environments as mud turtles do. In fact, M. emys repetitively tried to reach submerged food items in water, but always failed to grasp them and no suction feeding mechanism was applied. When feeding on land, M. emys showed another peculiar behaviour; it grasped food items by its jaws – a behaviour typical for aquatic or semiaquatic turtles – and not by the tongue as in the typical feeding mode in all tortoises studied so far. In M. emys, the hyolingual complex remained retracted during all food uptake sequences, but the food transport was entirely lingual based. The kinematical profile significantly differed from those described for other tortoises and from those proposed from the general models on the function of the feeding systems in lower tetrapods. We conclude that the feeding behaviour of M. emys might reflect a remnant of the primordial condition expected in the aquatic ancestor of tortoises.

scholarly journals Comparing Primary and Secondary Growth of Co-Occurring Deciduous and Evergreen Conifers in an Alpine Habitat

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiping Zhang ◽  
Yuan Jiang ◽  
Yan Wen ◽  
Xinyuan Ding ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Central China ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Alpine Habitat ◽  
Competition For Resources ◽  
Needle Growth

Investigations on primary and secondary growth in co-occurring species will aid in assessment of the physiological adaptation of species and the prediction of forest stand structure dynamics. To explore the correlation and coordination between primary and secondary growth, we monitored the leaf phenology, shoot elongation, and stem growth of co-occurring Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. and Picea meyeri Rehd. et Wils. in an alpine habitat, Luya Mountain (North-Central China), during the growing season of 2014. We measured bud development on terminal branches three days per week by direct observations and intra-annual stem xylem formation at weekly intervals by the microcores method. The onset sequence of three organs was the needle, shoot, and stem, without species-specific differences. Needles appeared one month earlier than stem growth in larch, while it was only one week earlier in spruce. The duration of needle growth was the shortest, followed by the shoot and stem. The timing of primary growth (i.e., onset, end, and maximum growth rate) between the two species was asynchronous, but secondary growth was synchronic with the same date of the maximum growth rate occurrence, potentially indicating species competition for resources. Unlike larch, spruce staggered growth peaks among different organs, which may effectively mitigate trees’ internal competition for resources. Soil temperature was positively correlated with both shoot and stem growth in the two species, whereas air temperature and soil water content were positively correlated with needle growth only in larch. Therefore, it can be inferred that the spruce will probably outcompete the larch at cold alpine treeline sites due to its high adaptability to acquiring and allocating resources. These results provide insight into the potential physiological correlation between primary and secondary growth and allow better prediction of future climate change effects on forest ecosystem productivity.

scholarly journals Suberized transport barriers in plant roots: the effect of silicon

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (21) ◽  
pp. 6799-6806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Kreszies ◽  
Victoria Kreszies ◽  
Falko Ly ◽  
Priya Dharshini Thangamani ◽  
Nandhini Shellakkutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Barley Root ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Casparian Bands ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Transport Barriers ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers ◽  
Promote Plant Growth

Abstract Plant roots are the major organs that take up water and dissolved nutrients. It has been widely shown that apoplastic barriers such as Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the endo- and exodermis of roots have an important effect on regulating radial water and nutrient transport. Furthermore, it has been described that silicon can promote plant growth and survival under different conditions. However, the potential effects of silicon on the formation and structure of apoplastic barriers are controversial. A delayed as well as an enhanced suberization of root apoplastic barriers with silicon has been described in the literature. Here we review the effects of silicon on the formation of suberized apoplastic barriers in roots, and present results of the effect of silicon treatment on the formation of endodermal suberized barriers on barley seminal roots under control conditions and when exposed to osmotic stress. Chemical analysis confirmed that osmotic stress enhanced barley root suberization. While a supplementation with silicon in both, control conditions and osmotic stress, did not enhanced barley root suberization. These results suggest that enhanced stress tolerance of plants after silicon treatment is due to other responses.

On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1828 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO L. PINTO ◽  
CARLOS E.F. ROCHA ◽  
KOEN MARTENS
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Forest Leaf Litter

Of the three superfamilies of Ostracoda present in fresh water, only the Cytheroidea had thus far no records in terrestrial environments. Here, we report on a new genus and species, Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp., of the ostracod superfamily Cytheroidea, from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil. Judging from morphological similarities, this new genus is believed to be closely related to the genus Elpidium. Possible pathways that led to the colonisation of terrestrial habitats are discussed, and an overview is given on the distribution of the known terrestrial ostracod lineages. The present findings strengthen the idea that terrestrial ostracods are more common than previously thought, at least in tropical areas.

Current insights into the development, structure, and chemistry of the endodermis and exodermis of roots

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengshan Ma ◽  
Carol A Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Passive Movement ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Casparian Bands ◽  
Fluorescence And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Future Work

The endodermis and exodermis are the inner- and outermost cortical layers, respectively, of a root. Both are characterized by the development of Casparian bands in their anticlinal walls. Endodermal Casparian bands normally appear within 10 mm of the root tip, while exodermal Casparian bands are typically deposited farther from the tip. All Casparian bands contain the biopolymers lignin and suberin, allowing the endodermis and exodermis to serve as filtration sites for the passive movement of ions between the soil solution and the stele. Later in development, suberin lamellae are frequently deposited as secondary walls, which will reduce the transmembrane transport of ions and water. In some species, tertiary walls are also formed; their main function is postulated to be mechanical support of the root. Recent research with fluorescence and electron microscopy has revealed some important details of development and structure of these wall modifications. Further, chemical analyses of enzymatically isolated wall modifications have shown the chemical basis for the endodermis and exodermis as apoplastic barriers. Studies of Arabidopsis at the molecular level are shedding light on the genetic control of endodermal morphogenesis. In contrast, molecular aspects of exodermal development are totally unknown. Future work will benefit from a combined molecular and biochemical approach to the endodermis and exodermis.Key words: Casparian band, endodermis, exodermis, lignin, molecular biology, suberin, suberin lamella, tertiary wall.

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