scholarly journals Cryogenian glacial habitats as a plant terrestrialization cradle – the origin of Anydrophyta and Zygnematophyceae split

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Dan Zarsky ◽  
Vojtech Zarsky ◽  
Martin Hanacek ◽  
Viktor Zarsky
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Cover Up ◽  
Early Neoproterozoic

For tens of millions of years (Ma) the terrestrial habitats of Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period (between 720 to 635 Ma before present - Neoproterozoic Era) were possibly dominated by global snow and ice cover up to the equatorial sublimative desert. The most recent time-calibrated phylogenies calibrated not only on plants, but on a comprehensive set of eukaryotes, indicate within the Streptophyta, multicellular Charophyceae evolved in Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic, while Cryogenian is the time of likely Anydrophyta origin (common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta) and also of Zygnematophyceae – Embryophyta split. Based on the combination of published phylogenomic studies and estimated diversification time comparisons we found strong support for the possibility Anydrophyta likely evolved in response to Cryogenian cooling, and that later in Cryogenian secondary simplification of multicellular Anydrophytes resulted in Zygnematophyceae diversification. We propose Marinoan geochemically documented expansion of first terrestrial flora has been represented not only by Chlorophyta, but also by Streptophyta – including the Anydrophyta – and later by Zygnematophyceae, thriving on glacial surfaces until today. It is possible multicellular early Embryophytes survived in less abundant, possibly relatively warmer refugia, relying more on mineral substrates allowing retention of flagella-based sexuality. Loss of flagella and sexual reproduction by conjugation evolved in Zygnematophyceae during Cryogenian in a remarkable convergent way as in Cryogenian-appearing zygomycetous fungi. We thus support the concept of the important basal cellular exaptations to terrestrial environments evolved in streptophyte algae and propose this was stimulated by the adaptation to glacial habitats dominating the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. Including the glacial lifestyle in the picture of the rise of land plants increases the parsimony of connecting different ecological, phylogenetic and physiological puzzles of the journey from aquatic algae to the terrestrial floras.

The Proterozoic Record of Eukaryotes

Paleobiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe A. Cohen ◽  
Francis A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
Geographic Variability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Age Constraints ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Current Record ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Early Neoproterozoic

AbstractProterozoic strata host evidence of global “Snowball Earth” glaciations, large perturbations to the carbon cycle, proposed changes in the redox state of oceans, the diversification of microscopic eukaryotes, and the rise of metazoans. Over the past half century, the number of fossils described from Proterozoic rocks has increased exponentially. These discoveries have occurred alongside an increased understanding of the Proterozoic Earth system and the geological context of fossil occurrences, including improved age constraints. However, the evaluation of relationships between Proterozoic environmental change and fossil diversity has been hampered by several factors, particularly lithological and taphonomic biases. Here we compile and analyze the current record of eukaryotic fossils in Proterozoic strata to assess the effect of biases and better constrain diversity through time. Our results show that mean within assemblage diversity increases through the Proterozoic Eon due to an increase in high diversity assemblages, and that this trend is robust to various external factors including lithology and paleogeographic location. In addition, assemblage composition changes dramatically through time. Most notably, robust recalcitrant taxa appear in the early Neoproterozoic Era, only to disappear by the beginning of the Ediacaran Period. Within assemblage diversity is significantly lower in the Cryogenian Period than in the preceding and following intervals, but the short duration of the nonglacial interlude and unusual depositional conditions may present additional biases. In general, large scale patterns of diversity are robust while smaller scale patterns are difficult to discern through the lens of lithological, taphonomic, and geographic variability.

scholarly journals Presence of three mycorrhizal genes in the common ancestor of land plants suggests a key role of mycorrhizas in the colonization of land by plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Li Huey Yeun ◽  
Jia-Yu Xue ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jean-Michel Ané ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Colonization Of Land

scholarly journals Expansion and diversification of the gibberellin receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) family in land plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh K. Gazara ◽  
Kanhu C. Moharana ◽  
Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo ◽  
Thiago M. Venancio
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systematic Identification

ABSTRACTGibberellic acid (gibberellins, GA) controls key developmental processes in the life-cycle of land plants. By interacting with the GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) receptor, GA regulates the expression of a wide range of genes through different pathways. Here we report the systematic identification and classification of GID1s in 52 plants genomes, encompassing from bryophytes and lycophytes, to several monocots and eudicots. We investigated the evolutionary relationship of GID1s using a comparative genomics framework and found strong support a previously proposed phylogenetic classification of this family in land plants. We identified lineage-specific expansions of particular subfamilies (i.e. GID1ac and GID1b) in different eudicot lineages (e.g. GID1b in legumes). Further, we found both, shared and divergent structural features between GID1ac and GID1b subgroups in eudicots, which provide mechanistic insights on their functions. Gene expression data from several species show that at least one GID1 gene is expressed in every sampled tissue, with a strong bias of GID1b expression towards underground tissues and dry legume seeds (typically with low GA levels). Taken together, our results support that GID1ac retained canonical GA signaling roles, whereas GID1b specialized in conditions of low GA concentrations. We propose that this functional specialization occurred initially at the gene expression level and was later fine-tuned by specific mutations that conferred greater GA affinity to GID1b, including a Phe residue in the GA-binding pocket. Finally, we discuss the importance of our findings to understand the diversification of GA perception mechanisms in land plants.

scholarly journals The World of Algae Reveals a Broad Variety of Cryptochrome Properties and Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Petersen ◽  
Anxhela Rredhi ◽  
Julie Szyttenholm ◽  
Sabine Oldemeyer ◽  
Tilman Kottke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Secondary Endosymbiosis ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Broad Variety

Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic (micro-)organisms, lacking roots, leaves, and other organs that are typical for land plants. They live in freshwater, marine, or terrestrial habitats. Together with the cyanobacteria they contribute to about half of global carbon fixation. As primary producers, they are at the basis of many food webs and they are involved in biogeochemical processes. Algae are evolutionarily distinct and are derived either by primary (e.g., green and red algae) or secondary endosymbiosis (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and brown algae). Light is a key abiotic factor needed to maintain the fitness of algae as it delivers energy for photosynthesis, regulates algal cell- and life cycles, and entrains their biological clocks. However, excess light can also be harmful, especially in the ultraviolet range. Among the variety of receptors perceiving light information, the cryptochromes originally evolved as UV-A and blue-light receptors and have been found in all studied algal genomes so far. Yet, the classification, biophysical properties, wavelength range of absorbance, and biological functions of cryptochromes are remarkably diverse among algal species, especially when compared to cryptochromes from land plants or animals.

Systematic revision and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr, 1836 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Derelomini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4839 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUNO A. S. DE MEDEIROS ◽  
SERGIO A. VANIN
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Software Pipeline ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
The Common ◽  
Species Descriptions

Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr is a genus of palm-associated weevils currently including 22 described species in the Neotropics. These weevils engage in brood pollination interactions with species in at least four genera of palms (Arecaceae), representing an emerging system for the study of mutualisms. Here we revise the taxonomy of Anchylorhynchus and propose the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the group, based on morphology. Anchylorhynchus chrysomeloides sp. nov., Anchylorhynchus goiano sp. nov., Anchylorhynchus imitator sp. nov., Anchylorhynchus latipes sp. nov., Anchylorhynchus multisquamis sp. nov. and Anchylorhynchus rectus sp. nov. are described, Anchylorhynchus gottsbergerorum Vanin is a new junior subjective synonym of Anchylorhynchus bicarinatus O’Brien, and Anchylorhynchus eriospathae Bondar and Anchylorhynchus pictipennis Hustache are new junior subjective synonyms of Anchylorhynchus tremolerasi Hustache, resulting in 25 valid species for the genus. We provide genus and species descriptions with a new dichotomous key to the species and updated information on geography and host associations based on museum records and extensive new collections. We also produce a new morphological matrix with 113 characters, 11 of them based on measurements while accounting for allometry, correlation and power to delimit groups. The software pipeline to produce these characters was encoded in a graphical user interface named DiscretzR, made available here. Analysis of this matrix under parsimony and Bayesian inference resulted in strong support for the monophyly of Anchylorhynchus, but weaker support for most clades within the genus. Reconstruction of the host plant associations indicates that the common ancestor of Anchylorhynchus visited flowers of Syagrus Mart., with later transitions to other genera restricted to one of the major clades of Anchylorhynchus. This taxonomic revision with the first phylogeny for the group provides a foundation for future evolutionary studies in the genus. 

scholarly journals Phenotypic Plasticity in the Structure of Fine Adventitious Metasequoia glyptostroboides Roots Allows Adaptation to Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaodong Yang ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Shuangshuang Hu ◽  
Cunyu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Central China ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Apoplastic Barriers

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae) is a rare deciduous conifer which grows successfully in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This tree has a narrow natural distribution in central China but is cultivated worldwide. Using histochemical staining and microscopy (both brightfield and epifluorescent), we investigated whether the phenotypic anatomical and histochemical plasticity in the fine adventitious roots of M. glyptostroboides has promoted the adaptation of this plant to aquatic and terrestrial environments. The fine root development and cortex sloughing of M. glyptostroboides occurs later in aquatic habitats than in terrestrial habitats. Anatomical and histochemical analyses have revealed that the apoplastic barriers in the primary growth of the fine roots consist of the endodermis and exodermis with Casparian bands, suberin lamellae, and secondarily lignified cell walls. There were also lignified phi (Φ) thickenings in the cortex. In both aquatic and terrestrial roots, secondary growth was observed in the vascular cambium, which produced secondary xylem and phloem, as well as in the phellogen, which produced cork. As compared to terrestrial adventitious roots, aquatic adventitious roots had multiple lignified Φ thickenings throughout the cortex, larger air spaces, dilated parenchyma, and dense suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermis. Our results thus indicate that phenotypic plasticity in the anatomical features of the fine adventitious roots, including apoplastic barriers, air spaces, and lignified Φ thickenings, might support the adaptation of M. glyptostroboides to both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

2-Hydroxymelatonin confers tolerance against combined cold and drought stress in tobacco, tomato, and cucumber as a potent anti-stress compound in the evolution of land plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Jung Lee ◽  
Kyoungwhan Back
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Cyanobacteria And Algae ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Melatonin (M) is an endogenous molecule found ubiquitously in animals and plants that helps maintain various biological functions. Unlike animals, plants preferentially synthesize 2-hydroxymelatonin (2M) over M, but the biological functions of 2M remain largely unknown. Here, we found that exogenous foliar application of 2M conferred tolerance against combined cold and drought stress in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Baecdadaki), whereas no such tolerance was observed against these stresses applied individually. Accordingly, endogenous 2M was induced in tobacco and tomato leaves in response to combined stress, whereas M levels remained unchanged in tobacco leaves and decreased in tomato leaves. After challenging tobacco and tomato leaves with prohexadione-calcium, an inhibitor of 2M synthesis, 2M levels decreased and led to hypersensitivity to combined stress. Because the gene encoding 2M is found only in land plants, and is absent in cyanobacteria and algae, we propose that 2M may have evolved as aquatic plants invaded land to overcome the stressors of virgin terrestrial environments, such as cold and drought.

scholarly journals TAS3 miR390-dependent loci in non-vascular land plants: Towards a comprehensive reconstruction of the gene evolutionary history

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Y. Morozov ◽  
Irina A. Milyutina ◽  
Tatiana N. Erokhina ◽  
Liudmila V. Ozerova ◽  
Alexey V. Troitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Genomic Dnas

Trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) are transcribed from protein non-coding genomic loci and belong to a plant-specific class of endogenous small RNAs. These siRNAs have been found to regulate gene expression in most taxa including seed plants, gymnosperms, ferns and mosses. In this study, bioinformatic and experimental PCR-based approaches were used as tools to analyze TAS3 and TAS6 loci in transcriptomes and genomic DNAs from representatives of evolutionary distant Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta. We revealed previously undiscovered TAS3 loci in classes Sphagnopsida and Anthocerotopsida, as well as TAS6 loci in Bryophyta classes Tetraphidiopsida, Polytrichopsida, Andreaeopsida and Takakiopsida. These data further unveil the evolutionary pathway of the miR390-dependent TAS3 loci in land plants. We also identified SGS3-coding sequences in charophytes and hypothesized that the appearance of TAS3-related sequences could take place at a very early step in evolutionary transition from charophyte algae to an earliest common ancestor of land plants.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the evolutionary origins of extreme halophilic Archaeal lineages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutian Feng ◽  
Uri Neri ◽  
Sean Gosselin ◽  
Artemis S. Louyakis ◽  
R. Thane Papke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Halophilic Archaea ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Catalytic Subunits ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Extremely Halophilic Archaea

AbstractInterest and controversy surrounding the evolutionary origins of extremely halophilic Archaea has increased in recent years, due to the discovery and characterization of the Nanohaloarchaea and the Methanonatronarchaeia. Initial attempts in explaining the evolutionary placement of the two new lineages in relation to the classical Halobacteria (also referred to as Haloarchaea) resulted in hypotheses that imply the new groups share a common ancestor with the Haloarchaea. However, more recent analyses have led to a shift: the Nanohaloarchaea have been largely accepted as being a member of the DPANN superphylum, outside of the euryarchaeota; while the Methanonatronarchaeia have been placed near the base of the Methanotecta (composed of the class II methanogens, the halobacteriales, and archaeoglobales). These opposing hypotheses have far-reaching implications on the concepts of convergent evolution (unrelated groups evolve similar strategies for survival), genome reduction, and gene transfer. In this work, we attempt to resolve these conflicts with phylogenetic and phylogenomic data. We provide a robust taxonomic sampling of Archaeal genomes that spans the crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and the DPANN superphylum. In addition, we sampled and assembled 7 new representatives of the Nanohaloarchaea, from distinct geographic locations. Phylogenies derived from these data imply the highly conserved ATP synthase catalytic/non-catalytic subunits of Nanohaloarchaea share a sisterhood relationship with the Haloarchaea. This relationship, with strong support, was also observed for several other gene families. In addition, we present and evaluate data that argue for and against the monophyly of the DPANN superphylum. We employed phylogenetic reconstruction, constrained topology tests, and gene concordance factors to explore the support for and against the monophyly of the Haloarchaea, Nanohaloarchaea, and Methanonatronarchaeia.

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