scholarly journals A Review on Barrier Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Clay Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuvra Singha ◽  
Mikael S. Hedenqvist
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mass Transport ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Melt Processing ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Solution Intercalation

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered to be among the best biopolymer substitutes for the existing petroleum-based polymers in the field of food packaging owing to its renewability, biodegradability, non-toxicity and mechanical properties. However, PLA displays only moderate barrier properties to gases, vapors and organic compounds, which can limit its application as a packaging material. Hence, it becomes essential to understand the mass transport properties of PLA and address the transport challenges. Significant improvements in the barrier properties can be achieved by incorporating two-dimensional clay nanofillers, the planes of which create tortuosity to the diffusing molecules, thereby increasing the effective length of the diffusion path. This article reviews the literature on barrier properties of PLA/clay nanocomposites. The important PLA/clay nanocomposite preparation techniques, such as solution intercalation, melt processing and in situ polymerization, are outlined followed by an extensive account of barrier performance of nanocomposites drawn from the literature. Fundamentals of mass transport phenomena and the factors affecting mass transport are also presented. Furthermore, mathematical models that have been proposed/used to predict the permeability in polymer/clay nanocomposites are reviewed and the extent to which the models are validated in PLA/clay composites is discussed.

scholarly journals Release of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes from Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Films during Degradation and Combustion: Risk Associated with the End-of-Life of Nanocomposite Food Packaging Materials

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kotsilkov ◽  
Evgeni Ivanov ◽  
Nikolay Vitanov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Matrix

Nanoparticles of graphene and carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for the improvement of mechanical and barrier properties and for the functionality of biodegradable polymers for packaging applications. However, the increase of the manufacture and consumption increases the probability of exposure of humans and the environment to such nanomaterials; this brings up questions about the risks of nanomaterials, since they can be toxic. For a risk assessment, it is crucial to know whether airborne nanoparticles of graphene and carbon nanotubes can be released from nanocomposites into the environment at their end-life, or whether they remain embedded in the matrix. In this work, the release of graphene and carbon nanotubes from the poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite films were studied for the scenarios of: (i) biodegradation of the matrix polymer at the disposal of wastes; and (ii) combustion and fire of nanocomposite wastes. Thermogravimetric analysis in air atmosphere, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to verify the release of nanoparticles from nanocomposite films. The three factors model was applied for the quantitative and qualitative risk assessment of the release of graphene and carbon nanotubes from nanocomposite wastes for these scenarios. Safety concern is discussed in respect to the existing regulations for nanowaste stream.

scholarly journals Hybrid Biocomposites Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) and Silica Aerogel for Food Packaging Applications

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Aragón-Gutierrez ◽  
Marina P. Arrieta ◽  
Mar López-González ◽  
Marta Fernández-García ◽  
Daniel López
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Silica Aerogel ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Barrier Performance

Bionanocomposites based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and silica aerogel (SiA) were developed by means of melt extrusion process. PLA-SiA composite films were plasticized with 15 wt.% of acetyl (tributyl citrate) (ATBC) to facilitate the PLA processability as well as to attain flexible polymeric formulations for films for food packaging purposes. Meanwhile, SiA was added in four different proportions (0.5, 1, 3 and 5 wt.%) to evaluate the ability of SiA to improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier performance of the bionanocomposites. The mechanical performance, thermal stability as well as the barrier properties against different gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen) of the bionanocomposites were evaluated. It was observed that the addition of 3 wt.% of SiA to the plasticized PLA-ATBC matrix showed simultaneously an improvement on the thermal stability as well as the mechanical and barrier performance of films. Finally, PLA-SiA film formulations were disintegrated in compost at the lab-scale level. The combination of ATBC and SiA sped up the disintegration of PLA matrix. Thus, the bionanocomposites produced here show great potential as sustainable polymeric formulations with interest in the food packaging sector.

scholarly journals Effect of chitosan addition in starch and poly(lactic acid) sheets produced by extrusion

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Matheus Luz Alberti ◽  
Sílvio José De Souza ◽  
Heliberto Gonçalves ◽  
Fabio Yamashita ◽  
Marianne Ayumi Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Water Vapor Barrier

<p>The use of blends containing biodegradable polymers like starch and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has gained considerable attention, especially for the food packaging production. Current research has also highlighted the use of chitosan because their antimicrobial activity, biodegradability and applicability in the production of active biodegradable food packaging. The objective of this work was to produce cassava starch and PLA sheets incorporated with chitosan by flat extrusion process (calendering-extrusion), and evaluate the mechanical, water vapor barrier and microstructural properties. In order to simplify the obtainment of the material reducing processing steps, all components of the blend were homogenized in one step extrusion The incorporation of chitosan in the starch/PLA sheets decreased significantly the tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and density. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy images showed the formation of non-homogeneous mixtures with the presence of pores between the blend compounds, and this fact affected the water vapor barrier properties increasing water vapor permeability, solubility and diffusion coefficients. It was possible to conclude that although the incorporation of chitosan to the starch/PLA sheets has not contributed to obtain materials with suitable properties, it was able to produce them by calendering-extrusion process in pilot scale. Studies about chitosan incorporation in starch and PLA sheets still needed.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>DOI: 10.14685/rebrapa.v6i1.208</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Release of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes from Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Films during Degradation and Combustion: Risk Associated with the End-of-Life of Nanocomposite Food Packaging Materials

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kotsilkov ◽  
Evgeni Ivanov ◽  
Nikolay Vitanov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment

Nanoparticles of graphene and carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for improvement of mechanical and barrier properties and functionality of biodegradable polymers for food packaging applications. However, the increase of the manufacture and consumption increases the probability of exposure of human and environment to such nanomaterials, this rising questions about the risks of nanomaterials since they can be toxic. For a risk assessment, it is crucial to know whether airborne nanoparticles of graphene and carbon nanotubes can be released from nanocomposites into the environment at their end-life, or they remain embedded in the matrix. In this work the release of graphene and carbon nanotubes from the poly(lactic) acid nanocomposite films were studied for the scenarios of: (i) biodegradation of matrix polymer at the disposal of wastes; and (ii) combustion and fire of nanocomposite wastes. Thermogravimetric analysis in air atmosphere, TEM, AFM and SEM were used to verify the release of nanoparticles from nanocomposite films. The three factors model was applied for the quantitative and qualitative risk assessment to the release of graphene and carbon nanotubes from nanocomposite wastes for these scenarios. Safety concern is discussed in respect to the existing regulations for nanowastes stream.

Effect of Aminosilane Concentrations on the Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Kenaf-Derived Cellulose Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yee Bond Tee ◽  
Rosnita A. Talib ◽  
Khalina Abdan ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Roseliza Kadir Basha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Optimum Reinforcement ◽  
Cellulose Composites ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
C 30

To reinforce the use of kenaf-derived cellulose as a compatible plastic filler, the cellulose (C) was thermally grafted with various concentrations (5, 8, and 11 wt.%) of hydrolysed 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS). The silane-grafted cellulose (SGC) were named as SGC5, SGC8 and SGC11. C (30 wt.%) and all of the SGC were respectively melt-compounded into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) before being hot-pressed into ∼0.3 mm sheets, which is the approximate thickness of clamshell packaging. The intermolecular interaction between SGC and PLA, which was absent with C, was confirmed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). PLA filled with SGC5 or SGC8 showed significant improvement in thermal, tensile, physical, and barrier properties compared with the PLA/C composite. In contrast, adverse effects were observed with the PLA/SGC11 composite. 8 wt.% of APS was concluded as the critical concentration to be thermally-grafted onto the kenaf-derived cellulose as PLA/SGC8 composite showed optimum reinforcement in tensile strength (52 MPa), crystallizability (16% crystallinity), water resistance (5.3%) and dimensional stability (3.3%), and significantly shifted oxygen barrier from medium-low range to medium range (3.2 ×10−17 m3 m/m2 s Pa). Overall, the variation in the properties of these biocomposites may extend PLA's range in food packaging applications.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Two Bioplasticizers Used to Modulate the Properties of PLA Biocomposites

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rapa ◽  
Raluca Nicoleta Darie Nita ◽  
Anamaria Irimia ◽  
Morten Sivertsvik ◽  
Jan Thomas Rosnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Dsc Analysis ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

The present paper deals with a comparative study on the influence of two different bioplasticizers: acetyl tributylcitrate (ATBC) and LAPOL108 on the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of poly(lactic acid) PLA containing 1 wt.% chitosan. PLA based biocomposites were investigated by means of processing behavior, FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC analysis, tensile and barrier properties, migration in food simulants and antifungal activity. Based on the obtained results it can appreciated that the properties of the PLA based biocomposites could be appropriate for designing flexible or rigid food packaging depending of the bioplasticizer used.

scholarly journals Optimisation on Thermoforming of Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) by Numerical Modelling

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Huidong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Broad Perspective

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has a broad perspective for manufacturing green thermoplastic products by thermoforming for its biodegradable properties. The mechanical behaviour of PLA has been demonstrated by its strong dependence on temperature and strain rate at biaxial deformation. A nonlinear viscoelastic model by the previous study was employed in a thermoforming process used for food packaging. An optimisation approach was developed by achieving the optimal temperature profile of specimens by defining multiple heating zones based on numerical modelling with finite element analysis (FEA). The forming process of a PLA product was illustrated by modelling results on shape evolution and biaxial strain history. The optimal temperature profile was suggested in scalloped zones to achieve more even thickness distribution. The sensitivity of the optimal results was addressed by checking the robustness under perturbation.

Thermal degradation kinetics of Opuntia Ficus Indica flour and talc-filled poly (lactic acid) hybrid biocomposites by TGA analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832110082
Author(s):  
Azzeddine Gharsallah ◽  
Abdelheq Layachi ◽  
Ali Louaer ◽  
Hamid Satha
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Melt Processing ◽  
Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Model Free

This paper reports the effect of lignocellulosic flour and talc powder on the thermal degradation behavior of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Lignocellulosic flour was obtained by grinding Opuntia Ficus Indica cladodes. PLA/talc/ Opuntia Ficus Indica flour (OFI-F) biocomposites were prepared by melt processing and characterized using Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The thermal degradation of neat PLA and its biocomposites can be identified quantitatively by solid-state kinetics models. Thermal degradation results on biocomposites compared to neat PLA show that talc particles at 10 wt % into the PLA matrix have a minor impact on the thermal stability of biocomposites. Loading OFI-F and Talc/OFI-F mixture into the PLA matrix results in a decrease in the maximum degradation temperature, which means that the biocomposites have lower thermal stability. The activation energies (Ea) calculated by the Flynn Wall Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS) model-free approaches and by model-fitting (Kissinger method and Coats-Redfern method) are in good agreement with one another. In addition, in this work, the degradation mechanism of biocomposites is proposed using Coats-Redfern and Criado methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document