scholarly journals Monitoring Approach for Tropical Coniferous Forest Degradation Using Remote Sensing and Field Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2531
Author(s):  
Efraín Duarte ◽  
Juan A. Barrera ◽  
Francis Dube ◽  
Fabio Casco ◽  
Alexander J. Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
Degraded Area ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Reporting And Verification ◽  
High Uncertainty

Current estimates of CO2 emissions from forest degradation are generally based on insufficient information and are characterized by high uncertainty, while a global definition of ‘forest degradation’ is currently being discussed in the scientific arena. This study proposes an automated approach to monitor degradation using a Landsat time series. The methodology was developed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and applied in a pine forest area of the Dominican Republic. Land cover change mapping was conducted using the random forest (RF) algorithm and resulted in a cumulative overall accuracy of 92.8%. Forest degradation was mapped with a 70.7% user accuracy and a 91.3% producer accuracy. Estimates of the degraded area had a margin of error of 10.8%. A number of 344 Landsat collections, corresponding to the period from 1990 to 2018, were used in the analysis. Additionally, 51 sample plots from a forest inventory were used. The carbon stocks and emissions from forest degradation were estimated using the RF algorithm with an R2 of 0.78. GEE proved to be an appropriate tool to monitor the degradation of tropical forests, and the methodology developed herein is a robust, reliable, and replicable tool that could be used to estimate forest degradation and improve monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems under the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) mechanism.

Estimating carbon emissions from forest degradation: implications of uncertainties and area sizes for a REDD+ MRV system

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1996-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Plugge ◽  
Michael Köhl
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
Reporting And Verification ◽  
Resources Assessment

Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) has become an important option to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by reducing the emissions from forested lands. Thus far, many studies deal with the detectability of emissions resulting from deforestation. This study concentrates on the emissions and emission reductions from forest degradation. We show, based on data from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization’s (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, the influence of uncertainties aligned to the estimation of emission reductions from forest degradation. On the example of three countries representing small to large forest areas and low to high carbon stocks, three different approaches for the inclusion of the uncertainties of estimates for two periods are analyzed. Furthermore, by simulating different sizes of areas where forest degradation takes place, the sensitivity of the estimated emission reductions with respect to the size of these areas is shown. The results of the study highlight the importance of identifying sound options of including uncertainties for different periods into a Measuring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system to avoid windfall profits from REDD. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an as accurate as possible identification of the areas where forest degradation takes place is decisive for the amount of REDD benefits achievable for a country.

scholarly journals Does the long-term success of REDD+ also depend on biodiversity?

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hinsley ◽  
Abigail Entwistle ◽  
Dorothea V. Pio
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Tree Survival

AbstractOriginally proposed in 2005 as a way to use financial incentives to tackle global climate change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) has evolved to include conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, in what is now known as REDD+. Biodiversity protection is still viewed principally as a co-benefit of the REDD+ process, with conservation of forest tree cover and carbon stocks providing the main measure of success. However, focusing solely on tree cover and carbon stocks does not always protect other species, which may be threatened by other factors, most notably hunting. We present evidence from the literature that loss of biodiversity can affect forest composition, tree survival and forest resilience and may in some cases ultimately lead to a reduction in carbon storage. We argue that REDD+ projects should specifically mitigate for threats to biodiversity if they are to maximize carbon storage potential in the long term.

scholarly journals National REDD+ Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review and Comparison of Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jewel Andoh ◽  
Yohan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Definition Of

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in developing countries requires a National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and equity. So far, only a few countries have submitted their NRS to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to progress to the implementation phase of REDD+. To compare the NRS of eight countries from Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, we used content analysis to assess whether these countries have paid attention to the REDD+ design components and adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules. Our results demonstrate that all eight countries have paid considerable attention to REDD+ activities, finance, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and safeguard systems, and most countries have not adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules on scale including the definition of national and subnational forests, subnational projects to be nested into national systems, and subnational activities to be verified by experts. REDD+ countries must develop definitions for national and subnational forests to enhance forest monitoring and they must develop technical and institutional infrastructure for MRV and safeguard systems, to receive results-based payments, and for the sustainability of REDD+ projects.

scholarly journals REDD Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Systems in Nepal: Gaps, Issues and Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidya Nath Jha ◽  
Govinda Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Resource Monitoring ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Verification Systems ◽  
Reporting And Verification

Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an incentive based approach for climate change mitigation that has gained global attention. Following the global discourse and trend, Nepal is preparing herself to participate in the REDD implementation process with the financing from the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). Developing a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system of monitoring carbon emissions is one of the most important aspects of the REDD mechanism. In this article, we analyse the existing forest resource monitoring system in Nepal with reference to requirements for the REDD MRV design as suggested in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) good practice guide. Our analytical focus revolves around understanding the current policy provisions and institutional infrastructure, as well as identifying existing gaps Similarly, we also analyse the national capacity gaps for designing and adopting the REDD MRV. Finally we have outlined possible issues and challenges for designing and implementing REDD MRV in Nepal. Based on all these aspects, we have suggested a MRV system design that would acknowledge the role of existing institutions and consider the state restructuring.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v9i1.8591 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.9(1) 2010 21-32

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Biomechanical Indicators of the Snatch Technique and Female Weightlifters' Levels

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Szyszka ◽  
Andrzej Mastalerz
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction. The snatch technique is a discipline in Olympic weightlifting. The lifter has to raise the barbell from the platform directly above their head in one movement. While reviewing the literature on biomechanical analysis of the techniques of weightlifting, one can find positions on the analysis of parameters, such as barbell track, horizontal displacement, and angular positions of the joints in the individual phases of the lifter's movement. Many texts concern female and male lifters taking part in World or European Championships. The parameters of the best competitors are outlined - mostly those who finish in the top five places in competition. Mostly these are parameters regarding male lifters, and less frequently those of female lifters. In the literature review, an overlooked aspect is that of the definition of the diversity of indicators as regards the snatch technique practiced by female lifters depending on score. Material and methods. In the research, registered snatch attempts during the World Championship were used. Videos were used by judges to establish a maximum weight limit for female lifters. The attempts were registered by two cameras and were later digitally processed by the APAS 2000 system. Barbell parameters, maximum speed, average of the bar, and the parameters of the lifter-bar collocation (horizontal displacement of barbell weights and height elevation) were assessed. Results. The analysed attempts show the margin of error for measurement of the average speed of the barbell as 0.03 m/s. The difference in maximum speed of analysed attempts is 15%. The height of clearance of the first-placed female lifter's barbell was 12.7 cm, 30 cm for the last-placed. Conclusions. The sporting level of weightlifting by female lifters influences the analysed biomechanical indicators of the snatch. Those indicators, which are similar in the case of both the World Championship winner and the female lifter who came last, may be described as the average speeds of the barbell. The high sporting level of female lifters performing heavy lifting is characterized by the clearance of the barbell.

scholarly journals Business Model Development and Validation in Digital Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Lutz Göcke ◽  
Robin Weninger
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Digital Business Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
High Uncertainty ◽  
Lean Startup

AbstractEvery venture is developed under high uncertainty and causal ambiguity. A large majority of digital startups leverage the lean startup approach to validate the attractiveness of their venture, to reduce avoidable investments of scarce resources, and to structure the venturing process. Digital entrepreneurs highlight that prioritization and the definition of MVPs are two challenges that entrepreneurs face when applying the lean startup approach. We provide support on these particular challenges through a structured approach—the venture pyramid—to (in)validate digital business models in the face of high uncertainty. Furthermore, we map different types of digital business models with patterns of minimum viable products to inspire digital entrepreneurs and scientists alike. To illustrate our thoughts, we have developed two case studies of German startups that applied a process of rigorous iteration and learning to their venturing processes.

scholarly journals CHINA FOREST COVER EXTRACTION BASED ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

2020 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W10 ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Guo ◽  
X. M. Zhang ◽  
T. F. Long ◽  
W. L. Jiao ◽  
G. J. He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Google Earth Engine

Abstract. Forest cover rate is the principal indice to reflect the forest acount of a nation and region. In view of the difficulty of accurately calculating large-scale forest area by traditional statistical survey methods, it is proposed to extract China forest area based on Google Earth Engine platform. Trained by the enough samples selected through the Google Earth software, there are nine different random forest classifiers applicable to their corresponding zones. Using Landsat 8 surface reflectance data of 2018 year and the modified forest partition map, China forest cover is generated on the Google Earth Engine platform. The accuracy of China's forest coverage achieves 89.08%, while the accuracy of Global Forest Change datasets of Maryland university and Japan’s ALOS Forest/Non-Forest forest product reach 87.78% and 84.57%. Besides, the precision of tropical/subtropical forest, temperate coniferous forest as well as nonforest region are 83.25%, 87.94% and 97.83%, higher than those of other’s accuracy. Our results show that by means of the random forest algorithm and enough samples, tropical and subtropical broadleaf forest, temperate coniferous forest and nonforest partition can be extracted more accurately. Through the computation of forest cover, our result shows that China has a area of 220.42 million hectare in 2018.

scholarly journals The NDVI algorithm utilization on the google earth engine platform to monitor changes in forest density in mining area

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012100
Author(s):  
Munajat Nursaputra ◽  
Siti Halimah Larekeng ◽  
Nasri ◽  
Andi Siady Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Forest Density ◽  
Google Earth Engine

Abstract Periodic forest monitoring needs to be done to avoid forest degradation. In general, forest monitoring can be conducted manually (field surveys) or using technological innovations such as remote sensing data derived from aerial images (drone results) or cloud computing-based image processing. Currently, remote sensing technology provides large-scale forest monitoring using multispectral sensors and various vegetation index processing algorithms. This study aimed to evaluate the use of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, a geospatial dataset platform, in the Vale Indonesia mining concession area to improve accountable forest monitoring. This platform integrates a set of programming methods with a publicly accessible time-series database of satellite imaging services. The method used is NDVI processing on Landsat multispectral images in time series format, which allows for the description of changes in forest density levels over time. The results of this NDVI study conducted on the GEE platform have the potential to be used as a tool and additional supporting data for monitoring forest conditions and improvement in mining regions.

scholarly journals Using Google Earth to improve management of threatened limestone karst ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor-Seng Liew ◽  
Liz Price ◽  
Gopalasamy Reuben Clements
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Karst Ecosystems ◽  
Conservation Prioritisation ◽  
Degree Of Isolation ◽  
Limestone Hill

AbstractBiodiversity conservation is now about prioritisation, especially in a world with limited resources and so many habitats and species in need of protection. However, we cannot prioritise effectively if historical and current information on a particular habitat or species remains scattered. Several good platforms have been created to help users to find, use and create biodiversity information. However, good platforms for sharing habitat information for threatened ecosystems are still lacking. Limestone hills are an example of threatened ecosystems that harbour unique biodiversity, but are facing intensifying anthropogenic disturbances. As limestone is a vital resource for the construction industry, it is not possible to completely halt forest degradation and quarrying in developing countries such as Malaysia, where 445 limestone hills have been recorded in the peninsula to date. As such, there is an urgent need to identify which hills must be prioritised for conservation. To make decisions based on sound science, collating spatial and biological information on limestone hills into a publicly accessible database is critical. Here, we compile Malaysia’s first limestone hill GIS map for 445 limestone hills in the peninsula based on information from geological reports and scientific literature. To assist in conservation prioritisation efforts, we quantify characteristics of limestone hills in terms of size, degree of isolation, and spatial distribution patterns and also assessed the degree of habitat disturbance of each limestone hill in terms of buffer area forest degradation and quarrying activity. All this information is stored in a KMZ file and can be accessed through the Google Earth interface. This product should not be viewed as a final output containing basic limestone hill information. Rather, this database is a foundational platform for users to collect, store, update and manipulate spatial and biological data from limestone hills to better inform decisions regarding their management.

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