scholarly journals Impacts of Human Activities on the Variations in Terrestrial Water Storage of the Aral Sea Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2923
Author(s):  
Xuewen Yang ◽  
Ninglian Wang ◽  
Qian Liang ◽  
An’an Chen ◽  
Yuwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Aral Sea Basin ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Assessing the impacts of human activities on the variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is essential for water resource management, particularly in regions like the Aral Sea Basin which suffers from severe water scarcity. In this study, the variations in TWS anomalies (TWSA) of the Aral Sea Basin during the period of April 2002 to June 2017 were analyzed using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) Noah model outputs. The impacts of human activities on TWS variations were further quantified through the variations in TWS components and the comparison of TWS obtained from GRACE and GLDAS. The results indicate that TWSA of the entire Aral Sea Basin derived from GRACE experienced a significant decreasing trend of 4.12 ± 1.79 mm/year (7.07 ± 3.07 km3/year) from 2002 to 2017. Trends in individual TWS components indicate that the reduction in TWS of the Aral Sea Basin was primarily attributed to surface water loss, followed by groundwater depletion, which account for ~53.16% and 11.65 ± 45.39 to 42.48 ± 54.61% of the total loss of TWS, respectively. Precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) both exhibited increasing trends, indicating that ET played a dominant role in TWS depletion from the perspective of water balance. The variations in ET and TWS induced by human activities contributed ~45.54% and ~75.24% to those in total ET and TWS of the Aral Sea Basin, respectively.

scholarly journals Data assimilation of GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates into a regional hydrological model of the Rhine River basin

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 2079-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tangdamrongsub ◽  
S. C. Steele-Dunne ◽  
B. C. Gunter ◽  
P. G. Ditmar ◽  
A. H. Weerts
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. The ability to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) realistically is essential for understanding past hydrological events and predicting future changes in the hydrological cycle. Inadequacies in model physics, uncertainty in model land parameters, and uncertainties in meteorological data commonly limit the accuracy of hydrological models in simulating TWS. In an effort to improve model performance, this study investigated the benefits of assimilating TWS estimates derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data into the OpenStreams wflow_hbv model using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach. The study area chosen was the Rhine River basin, which has both well-calibrated model parameters and high-quality forcing data that were used for experimentation and comparison. Four different case studies were examined which were designed to evaluate different levels of forcing data quality and resolution including those typical of other less well-monitored river basins. The results were validated using in situ groundwater (GW) and stream gauge data. The analysis showed a noticeable improvement in GW estimates when GRACE data were assimilated, with a best-case improvement of correlation coefficient from 0.31 to 0.53 and root mean square error (RMSE) from 8.4 to 5.4 cm compared to the reference (ensemble open-loop) case. For the data-sparse case, the best-case GW estimates increased the correlation coefficient from 0.46 to 0.61 and decreased the RMSE by 35%. For the average improvement of GW estimates (for all four cases), the correlation coefficient increases from 0.6 to 0.7 and the RMSE was reduced by 15%. Only a slight overall improvement was observed in streamflow estimates when GRACE data were assimilated. Further analysis suggested that this is likely due to sporadic short-term, but sizeable, errors in the forcing data and the lack of sufficient constraints on the soil moisture component. Overall, the results highlight the benefit of assimilating GRACE data into hydrological models, particularly in data-sparse regions, while also providing insight on future refinements of the methodology.

scholarly journals A Multi-Sourced Data Retrodiction of Remotely Sensed Terrestrial Water Storage Changes for West Africa

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vagner Ferreira ◽  
Samuel Andam-Akorful ◽  
Ramia Dannouf ◽  
Emmanuel Adu-Afari
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Drought Assessment ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Land Data Assimilation System

Remotely sensed terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) from the past Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission cover a relatively short period (≈15 years). This short span presents challenges for long-term studies (e.g., drought assessment) in data-poor regions like West Africa (WA). Thus, we developed a Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous input (NARX) neural network to backcast GRACE-derived TWSC series to 1979 over WA. We trained the network to simulate TWSC based on its relationship with rainfall, evaporation, surface temperature, net-precipitation, soil moisture, and climate indices. The reconstructed TWSC series, upon validation, indicate high skill performance with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 11.83 mm/month and coefficient correlation of 0.89. The validation was performed considering only 15% of the available TWSC data not used to train the network. More so, we used the total water content changes (TWCC) synthesized from Noah driven global land data assimilation system in a simulation under the same condition as the GRACE data. The results based on this simulation show the feasibility of the NARX networks in hindcasting TWCC with RMSE of 8.06 mm/month and correlation coefficient of 0.88. The NARX network proved robust to adequately reconstruct GRACE-derived TWSC estimates back to 1979.

The uncertainty of storage-based drought indices from GRACE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Saemian ◽  
Mohammad Javad Tourian ◽  
Nico Sneeuw
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Earth’S Gravity Field ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Gravity Recovery

<p>Climate change and the growing demand for freshwater have raised the frequency and intensity of extreme events like drought. Satellite observations have improved our understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of droughts. Since March 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its successor GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) have been observing variations in Earth's gravity field yielding valuable information about changes in terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). The terrestrial water storage vertically integrates all forms of water on and beneath land surface including snow, surface water, soil moisture, and groundwater storage.</p><p>Drought indices help to monitor drought by characterizing it in terms of their severity, location, duration and timing. Several drought indices have been developed based on GRACE water storage anomaly from a GRACE-based climatology, most of which suffer from the short record of GRACE, about 15 years, for their climatology. The limited duration of the GRACE observations necessitates the use of external datasets of TWSA with a more extended period for climatology. Drought characterization comes with its own uncertainties due to the inherent uncertainty in the GRACE data, the various post-processing approaches of GRACE data, and different options for external datasets on the other hand.</p><p>This study offers a method to quantify uncertainties for the storage-based drought index. Moreover, we assess the sensitivity of major global river basins to the duration of the observations. The outcome of the study is invaluable in the sense that it allows for a more informative storage based drought, including uncertainty, thus enabling a more realistic risk assessment.</p>

A spatial covariance model for GRACE and GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Thomas ◽  
Eva Boergens ◽  
Henryk Dobslaw ◽  
Robert Dill ◽  
Christoph Dahle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bessel Function ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Covariance Model ◽  
Spatial Covariance ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Terrestrial Water

<p>Gridded terrestrial water storage (TWS) observed by GRACE or GRACE-FO typically show a spatial error structure that is anisotropic (direction depending), non-homogeneous (latitude depending), and non-stationary (time depending).</p><p>We will introduce a new covariance model characterizing this error behavior analytically with a direction depending Bessel function of the first kind. The anisotropy of this function is governed by a shape parameter allowing for longer correlation lengths in longitudinal than in latitudinal direction. The wave-effect of the Bessel function allows us to account for the residuals of the GRACE striping errors. Both size as well as shape parameters of the Bessel function vary smoothly with latitude. These variations are implemented via even Legendre polynomials. The non-stationarity of the covariance is modeled with time-varying point variances. The validity of this covariance model on the sphere was thoroughly tested with a Monte-Carlo approach.</p><p>First, we apply this covariance model to 5 years of simulated GRACE data (Flechtner et al., 2016) where true errors are readily available from the differences of the synthetic input and the finally recovered gravity fields. For the 50 largest discharge basins, we obtain more realistic time series uncertainties than from propagating the formal errors associated with the Stokes coefficients. For smaller basins, however, the covariance model tends to provide overly pessimistic uncertainty estimates.</p><p>Second, the model is adapted to real GRACE and GRACE-FO data to obtain realistic error covariance information for arbitrarily shaped basins from globally gridded error information. We will show the current plans to update GFZ’s GravIS portal (http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/home) so that area- and time-dependent error information which is critically important for the assimilation of GRACE-based TWS data into numerical models will become readily available to the user community.</p>

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of 0.05° terrestrial water storage estimates using CABLE land surface model and GRACE data assimilation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natthachet Tangdamrongsub ◽  
Michael F. Jasinski ◽  
Peter Shellito
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. Accurate estimation of terrestrial water storage (TWS) at a meaningful spatiotemporal resolution is important for reliable assessments of regional water resources and climate variability. Individual components of TWS include soil moisture, snow, groundwater, and canopy storage and can be estimated from the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model. The spatial resolution of CABLE is currently limited to 0.5° by the resolution of soil and vegetation datasets that underlie model parameterizations, posing a challenge to using CABLE for hydrological applications at a local scale. This study aims to improve the spatial detail (from 0.5° to 0.05°) and timespan (1981–2012) of CABLE TWS estimates using rederived model parameters and high-resolution meteorological forcing. In addition, TWS observations derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are assimilated into CABLE to improve TWS accuracy. The success of the approach is demonstrated in Australia, where multiple ground observation networks are available for validation. The evaluation process is conducted using four different case studies that employ different model spatial resolutions and include or omit GRACE data assimilation (DA). We find that the CABLE 0.05° developed here improves TWS estimates in terms of accuracy, spatial resolution, and long-term water resource assessment reliability. The inclusion of GRACE DA increases the accuracy of groundwater storage (GWS) estimates and has little impact on surface soil moisture or evapotranspiration. The use of improved model parameters and improved state estimations (via GRACE DA) together is recommended to achieve the best GWS accuracy. The workflow elaborated in this paper relies only on publicly accessible global datasets, allowing reproduction of the 0.05° TWS estimates in any study region.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Analysis of Drought Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)

Hydrology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nemati ◽  
Seyed Hossein Ghoreishi Najafabadi ◽  
Gholamreza Joodaki ◽  
S. Saeid Mousavi Nadoushani
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Gravity Recovery ◽  
Semi Arid

Drought monitoring needs comprehensive and integrated meteorological and hydrologic data. However, such data are generally not available in extensive catchments. The present study aimed to analyze drought in the central plateau catchment of Iran using the terrestrial water storage deficit index (TSDI). In this arid catchment, the meteorological and hydrologic observed data are scarce. First, the time series of terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) obtained from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) was calculated and validated by the water budget output. Then, the studied area was divided into semi-arid, arid, and hyper-arid zones and the common drought indices of SPI and RDIe within a timescale of 3, 6, and 12 months were calculated to compare the results obtained from the TSDI by using the meteorological data of 105 synoptic stations. Based on the results, the study area experienced a drought with extreme severity and expansion during 2007–2008. The drought spatial distribution map obtained from three indices indicated good conformity. Based on the maps, the severity, duration, and frequency of drought in the semi-arid zone were greater than that in other zones, while no significant drought occurred in the hyper-arid zone. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of drought in all three zones indicated that the TSDI could detect all short- and long-term droughts. The study results showed that the TSDI is a reliable, integrated, and comprehensive index. Using this index in arid areas with little field data led to some valuable results for planning and water resource management.

scholarly journals Data Assimilation of Terrestrial Water Storage Observations to Estimate Precipitation Fluxes: A Synthetic Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Manuela Girotto ◽  
Rolf Reichle ◽  
Matthew Rodell ◽  
Viviana Maggioni
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Gravity Recovery

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and its Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission provide unprecedented observations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) dynamics at basin to continental scales. Established GRACE data assimilation techniques directly adjust the simulated water storage components to improve the estimation of groundwater, streamflow, and snow water equivalent. Such techniques artificially add/subtract water to/from prognostic variables, thus upsetting the simulated water balance. To overcome this limitation, we propose and test an alternative assimilation scheme in which precipitation fluxes are adjusted to achieve the desired changes in simulated TWS. Using a synthetic data assimilation experiment, we show that the scheme improves performance skill in precipitation estimates in general, but that it is more robust for snowfall than for rainfall, and it fails in certain regions with strong horizontal gradients in precipitation. The results demonstrate that assimilation of TWS observations can help correct (adjust) the model’s precipitation forcing and, in turn, enhance model estimates of TWS, snow mass, soil moisture, runoff, and evaporation. A key limitation of the approach is the assumption that all errors in TWS originate from errors in precipitation. Nevertheless, the proposed approach produces more consistent improvements in simulated runoff than the established GRACE data assimilation techniques.

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