scholarly journals Estimation of Terrestrial Water Storage Changes at Small Basin Scales Based on Multi-Source Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3304
Author(s):  
Qin Li ◽  
Xiuguo Liu ◽  
Yulong Zhong ◽  
Mengmeng Wang ◽  
Shuang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Small Basin

Terrestrial water storage changes (TWSCs) retrieved from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission have been extensively evaluated in previous studies over large basin scales. However, monitoring the TWSC at small basin scales is still poorly understood. This study presented a new method for calculating TWSCs at the small basin scales based on the water balance equation, using hydrometeorological and multi-source data. First, the basin was divided into several sub-basins through the slope runoff simulation algorithm. Secondly, we simulated the evapotranspiration (ET) and outbound runoff of each sub-basin using the PML_V2 and SWAT. Lastly, through the water balance equation, the TWSC of each sub-basin was obtained. Based on the estimated results, we analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, ET, outbound runoff, and TWSC in the Ganjiang River Basin (GRB) from 2002 to 2018. The results showed that by comparing with GRACE products, in situ groundwater levels data, and soil moisture storage, the TWSC calculated by this study is in good agreement with these three data. During the study period, the spatial and temporal variations in precipitation and runoff in the GRB were similar, with a minimum in 2011 and maximum in 2016. The annual ET changed gently, while the TWSC fluctuated greatly. The findings of this study could provide some new information for improving the estimate of the TWSC at small basin scales.

scholarly journals Terrestrial Water Storage Change Retrieved by GRACE and Its Implication in the Tibetan Plateau: Estimating Areal Precipitation in Ungauged Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3129
Author(s):  
Yao Jia ◽  
Huimin Lei ◽  
Hanbo Yang ◽  
Qingfang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Areal Precipitation

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is referred to as the water tower of Asia, where water storage and precipitation have huge impacts on most major Asian rivers. Based on gravity recovery and climate experiment data, this study analyzed the terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes and estimated areal precipitation based on the water balance equation in four different basins, namely, the upper Yellow River (UYE), the upper Yangtze River (UYA), the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZ), and the Qiangtang Plateau (QT). The results show that the TWS change exhibits different patterns in the four basins and varies from −13 to 2 mm/year from 2003 to 2017. The estimated mean annual precipitation was 260 ± 19 mm/year (QT), 697 ± 26 mm/year (UYA), 541 ± 36 mm/year (UYE), and 1160 ± 39 mm/year (YZ) which performed better than other precipitation products in the TP. It indicates a potential method for estimating basin-scale precipitation through integrating basin average precipitation from the water balance equation in the poorly gauged and ungauged regions.

scholarly journals Validation of MPI-ESM Decadal Hindcast Experiments with Terrestrial Water Storage Variations as Observed by the GRACE Satellite Mission

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangjing Zhang ◽  
Henryk Dobslaw ◽  
Christoph Dahle ◽  
Ingo Sasgen ◽  
Maik Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Grace Satellite

scholarly journals How well are we able to close the water budget at the global scale?

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Fanny Lehmann ◽  
Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma ◽  
Jonathan Bamber
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Data Products

Abstract. The water budget equation describes the exchange of water between the land, ocean, and atmosphere. Being able to adequately close the water budget gives confidence in our ability to model and/or observe the spatio-temporal variations in the water cycle and its components. Due to advances in observation techniques, satellite sensors, and modelling, a number of data products are available that represent the components of water budget in both space and time. Despite these advances, closure of the water budget at the global scale has been elusive. In this study, we attempt to close the global water budget using precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff data at the catchment scale. The large number of recent state-of-the-art datasets provides a new evaluation of well-used datasets. These estimates are compared to terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes as measured by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. We investigated 189 river basins covering more than 90 % of the continental land area. TWS changes derived from the water balance equation were compared against GRACE data using two metrics: the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the cyclostationary NSE. These metrics were used to assess the performance of more than 1600 combinations of the various datasets considered. We found a positive NSE and cyclostationary NSE in 99 % and 62 % of the basins examined respectively. This means that TWS changes reconstructed from the water balance equation were more accurate than the long-term (NSE) and monthly (cyclostationary NSE) mean of GRACE time series in the corresponding basins. By analysing different combinations of the datasets that make up the water balance, we identified data products that performed well in certain regions based on, for example, climatic zone. We identified that some of the good results were obtained due to the cancellation of errors in poor estimates of water budget components. Therefore, we used coefficients of variation to determine the relative quality of a data product, which helped us to identify bad combinations giving us good results. In general, water budget components from ERA5-Land and the Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) performed better than other products for most climatic zones. Conversely, the latest version of CLSM, v2.2, performed poorly for evapotranspiration in snow-dominated catchments compared, for example, with its predecessor and other datasets available. Thus, the nature of the catchment dynamics and balance between components affects the optimum combination of datasets. For regional studies, the combination of datasets that provides the most realistic TWS for a basin will depend on its climatic conditions and factors that cannot be determined a priori. We believe that the results of this study provide a road map for studying the water budget at catchment scale.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Evapotranspiration for Exorheic Catchments of China during the GRACE Era: From a Water Balance Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulong Zhong ◽  
Min Zhong ◽  
Yuna Mao ◽  
Bing Ji
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Gravity Recovery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Evapotranspiration (ET) is usually difficult to estimate at the regional scale due to scarce direct measurements. This study uses the water balance equation to calculate the regional ET with observations of precipitation, runoff, and terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) in nine exorheic catchments of China. We compared the regional ET estimates from a water balance perspective with and without considering TWSC (ETWB: ET estimates with considering TWSC, and ETPQ: ET estimates from precipitation minus runoff without considering TWSC). Results show that the regional annual ET ranges from 417.7 mm/yr to 831.5 mm/yr in the nine exorheic catchments based on the water balance equation. The impact of ignoring TWSC on calculating ET is notable, as the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of annual ET between ETWB and ETPQ range from 12.0–105.8 mm/yr (2.6–12.7% in corresponding annual ET) among the exorheic catchments. We also compared the estimated regional ET with other ET products. Different precipitation products are assessed to explain the inconsistency between different ET products and regional ET from a water balance perspective. The RMSEs between ET estimates from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and ET from land surface models can be reduced if the deviation of precipitation forcing data is considered. ET estimates from Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) can be improved by reducing the uncertainty of precipitation forcing data in three semiarid catchments. This study emphasizes the importance of considering TWSC when calculating the regional ET using a water balance equation and provides more accurate ET estimates to help improve modeled ET results.

scholarly journals Validation of terrestrial water storage variations as simulated by different global numerical models with GRACE satellite observations

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 821-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangjing Zhang ◽  
Henryk Dobslaw ◽  
Tobias Stacke ◽  
Andreas Güntner ◽  
Robert Dill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Grace Satellite

Abstract. Estimates of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are used to assess the accuracy of four global numerical model realizations that simulate the continental branch of the global water cycle. Based on four different validation metrics, we demonstrate that for the 31 largest discharge basins worldwide all model runs agree with the observations to a very limited degree only, together with large spreads among the models themselves. Since we apply a common atmospheric forcing data set to all hydrological models considered, we conclude that those discrepancies are not entirely related to uncertainties in meteorologic input, but instead to the model structure and parametrization, and in particular to the representation of individual storage components with different spatial characteristics in each of the models. TWS as monitored by the GRACE mission is therefore a valuable validation data set for global numerical simulations of the terrestrial water storage since it is sensitive to very different model physics in individual basins, which offers helpful insight to modellers for the future improvement of large-scale numerical models of the global terrestrial water cycle.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Terrestrial Water Storage for Major Midlatitude River Basins

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hirschi ◽  
Sonia I. Seneviratne ◽  
Christoph Schär
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Seasonal And Interannual Variations

Abstract This paper presents a new diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for 37 midlatitude river basins in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. Terrestrial water storage is the sum of all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and interannual variations are in principle determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The dataset is derived with the combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach using conventional streamflow measurements and atmospheric moisture convergence data from the ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40). A recent study for the Mississippi River basin (Seneviratne et al. 2004) has demonstrated the validity of this diagnostic approach and found that it agreed well with in situ observations in Illinois. The present study extends this previous analysis to other regions of the midlatitudes. A systematic analysis is presented of the slow drift that occurs with the water-balance approach. It is shown that the drift not only depends on the size of the catchment under consideration, but also on the geographical region and the underlying topography. The drift is in general not constant in time, but artificial inhomogeneities may result from changes in the global observing system used in the 44 yr of the reanalysis. To remove this time-dependent drift, a simple high-pass filter is applied. Validation of the results is conducted for several catchments with an appreciable coverage of in situ soil moisture and snow cover depth observations in the former Soviet Union, Mongolia, and China. Although the groundwater component is not accounted for in these observations, encouraging correlations are found between diagnostic and in situ estimates of terrestrial water storage, both for seasonal and interannual variations. Comparisons conducted against simulated ERA-40 terrestrial water storage variations suggest that the reanalysis substantially underestimates the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The basin-scale water-balance (BSWB) dataset is available for download over the Internet. It constitutes a useful tool for the validation of climate models, large-scale land surface data assimilation systems, and indirect observations of terrestrial water storage variations.

AN ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY MEANS OF THE WATER BALANCE OF A SOIL COLUMN

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
TODOR MILANOV
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Scattering Method ◽  
Observation Site ◽  
Water Balance Equation

In this paper water-balance studies of a soil column at an observation site at Ulvsunda, Stockholm, are reported. The change of the water storage in the soil was obtained from soil moisture measurements, which were carried out by the neutron scattering method. The precipitation was also measured. The percolation from the soil column was estimated from the change in ground water storage beneath the column. It has not been possible to measure the evapotranspiration directly but it has been calculated from the water-balance equation for every month during 1964-66.

scholarly journals Assessment of Three Common Methods for Estimating Terrestrial Water Storage Change with Three Reanalysis Datasets

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Deng ◽  
Suxia Liu ◽  
Xingguo Mo
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Storage Change

AbstractTerrestrial water storage change (TWSC) plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and climate system. To date, methods including 1) the terrestrial water balance method (PER), 2) the combined atmospheric and terrestrial water balance method (AT), and 3) the summation method (SS) have been developed to estimate TWSC, but the accuracy of these methods has not been systematically compared. This paper compares the spatial and temporal differences of the TWSC estimates by the three methods comprehensively with the GRACE data during the 2002–13 period. To avoid the impact of different inputs in the comparison, three advanced reanalysis datasets are used, namely 1) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis II (NCEP R2), 2) the ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim), and 3) the Japanese 55-Year Reanalysis (JRA-55). The results show that all estimates with PER and AT considerably overestimate the long-term mean on a regional scale because the data assimilation in the reanalysis opens the water budget. The difficulty of atmospheric observation and simulation in arid and polar tundra regions is the documented reason for the failure of the AT method to represent the TWSC phase over 30% of the region found in this study. Although the SS result exhibited the best overall agreement with GRACE, the amplitude of TWSC based on SS differed substantially from that of GRACE and the similarity coefficient of the global distribution between the SS-derived estimate and GRACE is still not high. More detailed considerations of groundwater and human activities, for example, irrigation and reservoir impoundments, can help SS to achieve a higher accuracy.

Estimation of soil drainage losses following irrigation

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Bartels
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Water Balance Equation

Soil moisture data, collected in the course of a field trial with flood irrigated perennial pasture on a red-brown earth, are used to present a water balance from which soil drainage losses can be estimated. Both water intake, and water storage in the root zone one or two days after irrigation, were related to the pre-irrigation water storage (S,). Substitution of the calculated regression relationships in the water balance equation led to an expression for water losses in terms of S, and evapotranspiration. As the latter is of the same order as tank evaporation (E) for several days after irrigation, it was possible to express soil drainage losses in terms of S, and E. The results indicate that it is difficult to prevent water loss by deep percolation, if irrigating this soil for optimum pasture production.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document