scholarly journals A Hybrid Energy Equating Game for Energy Management in the Internet of Underwater Things

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnaz Ahmed ◽  
Xi Zhao ◽  
Mian Muhammad Sadiq Fareed
Keyword(s):  
Relay Selection ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Best Relay Selection ◽  
Cooperative Clustering

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an evolving class of Internet of Things and it is considered the basic unit for the development of smart cities. To support the idea of IoUT, an Underwater Sensor Network (USN) has emerged as a potential technology that has attractive and updated applications for underwater environment monitoring. In such networks, route selection and cluster-head management are still challenging. As the optimal routes always lead to congestion and longer delays while the cluster-head mismanagement leads to ending the USN lifespan earlier. In this paper, we propose a cooperative clustering game that is based upon energy heterogeneity and a penalty mechanism to deal with the cluster head mismanagement issue. Then, we use a non-cooperative evolutionary game for the best relay selection; the results prove that this utility function is the most suitable solution for the relay selection and its strategy selection converges to Nash Equilibrium. The proposed framework is compared with recent schemes using different quality measures and we found that our proposed framework performs favorably against the existing schemes for all of the evaluation metrics.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4116
Author(s):  
Nighat Usman ◽  
Omar Alfandi ◽  
Saeeda Usman ◽  
Asad Masood Khattak ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Ocean Environment ◽  
Smart Technologies

Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH) 2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface,, and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH) 2 ” (U-(ACH) 2 ) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH) 2 to examine the performance of (ACH) 2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH) 2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH) 2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH) 2 , LEACH-(ACH) 2 , and SEP-(ACH) 2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.

scholarly journals Game Theoretic Solution for Power Management in IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Shafiullah Khan ◽  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Dhananjay Singh ◽  
Jaime Lloret
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Level Density ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Ch Selection

Internet of things (IoT) is a very important research area, having many applications such as smart cities, intelligent transportation system, tracing, and smart homes. The underlying technology for IoT are wireless sensor networks (WSN). The selection of cluster head (CH) is significant as a part of the WSN’s optimization in the context of energy consumption. In WSNs, the nodes operate on a very limited energy source, therefore, the routing protocols designed must meet the optimal utilization of energy consumption in such networks. Evolutionary games can be designed to meet this aspect by providing an adequately efficient CH selection mechanism. In such types of mechanisms, the network nodes are considered intelligent and independent to select their own strategies. However, the existing mechanisms do not consider a combination of many possible parameters associated with the smart nodes in WSNs, such as remaining energy, selfishness, hop-level, density, and degree of connectivity. In our work, we designed an evolutionary game-based approach for CH selection, combined with some vital parameters associated with sensor nodes and the entire networks. The nodes are assumed to be smart, therefore, the aspect of being selfish is also addressed in this work. The simulation results indicate that our work performs much better than typical evolutionary game-based approaches.

scholarly journals SDoT-NFV: A Distributed SDN Based Security System with IoT for Smart City Environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Md Jahidul Islam ◽  
Anichur Rahman ◽  
Sumaiya Kabir ◽  
Ayesha Khatun ◽  
Ahmed Iqbal Pritom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Distributed Controllers ◽  
Dynamic Software ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key developing innovation aimed at linking objects via the Internet. While, Software Defined Networking (SDN) is another modern network- ing domain intelligence innovation that increases network effi- ciency and enhances security, reliability, and protection through dynamic software programs. In this paper, we proposed a distributed secure SDoT-NFV architecture for smart cities with Network Function Virtualization (NFV) implementation. We integrated highly protected SDN that delivers better network ef- ficiency, protection, and privacy results. It also secures metadata within each layer as well as payload. In addition, this architecture attempted to implement a more efficient method for constructing a cluster via SDN. Moreover, SDN-IoT with the NFV ideas brings benefits in terms of energy conservation and load balancing to the relevant fields. In addition, several distributed controllers have suggested enhancing accessibility, integrity, anonymity, con- fidentiality, and so on. We also implemented an energy-efficient Cluster Head Selection (CHS) algorithm to make use of our proposed architecture. The network offers greater protection of each network layer as opposed to the traditional network in the proposed architecture. Lastly, we analyze the efficiency of the proposed architecture with different network parameters (throughput, RTT, and Time sequence) for smart cities. GUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol 7, Dec 2020 P 27-35

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Solutions for UAV-Assisted Connected Vehicle Networks in Smart Cities: A Review, Open Issues, and Future Perspectives

Telecom ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-140
Author(s):  
Paulo Álvares ◽  
Lion Silva ◽  
Naercio Magaia
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Smart Vehicles ◽  
Security Properties ◽  
Vehicle Networks

It had been predicted that by 2020, nearly 26 billion devices would be connected to the Internet, with a big percentage being vehicles. The Internet of Vehicles (IoVa) is a concept that refers to the connection and cooperation of smart vehicles and devices in a network through the generation, transmission, and processing of data that aims at improving traffic congestion, travel time, and comfort, all the while reducing pollution and accidents. However, this transmission of sensitive data (e.g., location) needs to occur with defined security properties to safeguard vehicles and their drivers since attackers could use this data. Blockchain is a fairly recent technology that guarantees trust between nodes through cryptography mechanisms and consensus protocols in distributed, untrustful environments, like IoV networks. Much research has been done in implementing the former in the latter to impressive results, as Blockchain can cover and offer solutions to many IoV problems. However, these implementations have to deal with the challenge of IoV node’s resource constraints since they do not suffice for the computational and energy requirements of traditional Blockchain systems, which is one of the biggest limitations of Blockchain implementations in IoV. Finally, these two technologies can be used to build the foundations for smart cities, enabling new application models and better results for end-users.

scholarly journals Online rental housing market representation and the digital reproduction of urban inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Boeing
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Search Costs ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Housing Search ◽  
Rental Housing Market

As the rental housing market moves online, the internet offers divergent possible futures: either the promise of more-equal access to information for previously marginalized homeseekers, or a reproduction of longstanding information inequalities. Biases in online listings’ representativeness could impact different communities’ access to housing search information, reinforcing traditional information segregation patterns through a digital divide. They could also circumscribe housing practitioners’ and researchers’ ability to draw broad market insights from listings to understand rental supply and affordability. This study examines millions of Craigslist rental listings across the USA and finds that they spatially concentrate and overrepresent whiter, wealthier, and better-educated communities. Other significant demographic differences exist in age, language, college enrollment, rent, poverty rate, and household size. Most cities’ online housing markets are digitally segregated by race and class, and we discuss various implications for residential mobility, community legibility, gentrification, housing voucher utilization, and automated monitoring and analytics in the smart cities paradigm. While Craigslist contains valuable crowdsourced data to better understand affordability and available rental supply in real time, it does not evenly represent all market segments. The internet promises information democratization, and online listings can reduce housing search costs and increase choice sets. However, technology access/preferences and information channel segregation can concentrate such information-broadcasting benefits in already-advantaged communities, reproducing traditional inequalities and reinforcing residential sorting and segregation dynamics. Technology platforms like Craigslist construct new institutions with the power to shape spatial economies, human interactions, and planners’ ability to monitor and respond to urban challenges.

The optimized energy-efficient sensible edge processing model for the internet of vehicles in smart cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 101477
Author(s):  
Xianhao Shen ◽  
Haitao Yu ◽  
Xiaoyong Liu ◽  
Qiu Bin ◽  
Ashish Kr. Luhach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles

scholarly journals Bit error rate of underlay decode-and-forward cognitive networks with best relay selection

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khuong Ho-Van ◽  
Paschalis C. Sofotasios ◽  
George C. Alexandropoulos ◽  
Steven Freear
Keyword(s):  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Relay Selection ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Best Relay Selection

Design and Analysis of a RFID Reader Microstrip Array antenna for IoT Applications in Smart Cities

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Array Antenna ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Substrate Thickness ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Rfid Reader ◽  
Array Antennas ◽  
Microstrip Array ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Microstrip Array Antenna

This paper presents the design of 2*1 and 4*1 RFID reader microstrip array antenna at 2.4GHz for the Internet of things (IoT) networks which are Zigbee, Bluetooth and WIFI. The proposed antenna is composed of identical circular shapes radiating patches printed in FR4 substrate. The dielectric constant εr and substrate thickness h are 4.4 and 1.6mm, respectively. The 2*1 and 4*1 array antennas present a gain improvement of 27.3% and 61.9%, respectively. The single,2*1 and 4*1 array antennas were performed with CADFEKO.

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