scholarly journals Inductive Position and Speed Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ripka ◽  
Josef Blažek ◽  
Mehran Mirzaei ◽  
Pavol Lipovský ◽  
Miroslav Šmelko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Field Source ◽  
Hydraulic Cylinders ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Inductive Sensors

Magnetic position and speed sensors are rugged and durable. While DC magnetic sensors use permanent magnets as a field source and usually have only mm or cm range, inductive sensors use electromagnetic induction and they may work up to a distance of 20 m. Eddy current inductive sensors equipped with magnetoresistive sensors instead of inductive coils can operate at low frequencies, allowing detection through a conductive wall. In this paper, we make an overview of existing systems and we present new results in eddy current velocity and position measurements. We also present several types of inductive position sensors developed in our laboratories for industrial applications in pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, underground drilling, large mining machines, and for detecting ferromagnetic objects on conveyors. While the most precise inductive position sensors have a resolution of 10 nm and linearity of 0.2%, precision requirements on the industrial sensors which we develop are less demanding, but they should have large working distance and large resistance to environmental conditions and interference.

scholarly journals Design and experiment of noncontact eddy current damping module in air bearing–guided linear motion system

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 168781401987142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunho Sung ◽  
Chang-hoon Seo ◽  
Hyunmin Song ◽  
Byungjoo Choi ◽  
Yongho Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Air Bearing ◽  
Linear Motion ◽  
Damping Effect ◽  
Motion System ◽  
Halbach Array ◽  
Eddy Current Damping

As a method for reducing the friction of high-precision system, air bearings have been widely used for various industrial applications. However, their small damping leads to poor in-position stability and therefore systems are susceptible to residual vibration and disturbance. In this study, a linear motion stage which is guided by air bearing for a noncontact eddy current damping module is proposed. The eddy current damping module consists of a Halbach array of permanent magnets and a fixed conductor plate. An eddy current is generated in the conductor in the direction opposing the change in the magnetic field when the magnets move, after which the resistivity in the conductor dissipates the kinetic energy of the moving part; therefore, the module has a damping effect without contact and system is shown good in-position stability. In order to specify the damping effect, the motion of the moving part was experimentally analyzed. The step response confirmed that the eddy current damping module can improve the performance of the positioning system: the settling time decreased by 36.8% and the resolution improved by 59.4%. These improvements verify that eddy current damping is a suitable method for application in precision industries.

scholarly journals Electrical Capacitance Characteristics of Wood Chips at Low Frequency Ranges: A Cheap Tool for Quality Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3494
Author(s):  
Jakub Lev ◽  
Václav Křepčík ◽  
Egidijus Šarauskis ◽  
František Kumhála
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dissipation Factor ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Low Frequencies

Moisture content is one of the most important parameters related to the quality of wood chips that affects both the calorific and economic value of fuel chips. For industrial applications, moisture content needs to be detected quickly. For this purpose, various indirect moisture content measurement methods (e.g., capacitance, NIR, microwave, ECT, X-ray CT, and nuclear MR) have been investigated with different results in the past. Nevertheless, determining wood chip moisture content in real time is still a challenge. The main aim of this article was therefore to analyze the dielectric properties of wood chips at low frequencies (10 kHz–5 MHz) and to examine the possibility of using these properties to predict wood chip moisture content and porosity. A container-type probe was developed for this purpose. The electrical capacitance and dissipation factor of wood chips with different moisture content was measured by an LCR meter at 10 kHz, 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, and 5 MHz frequencies. Wood chip porosity was also measured using a gas displacement method. Linear models for moisture content and porosity prediction were determined by backward stepwise linear regression. Mathematical model was developed to better understand the physical relationships between moisture content, porosity, and electrical capacitance. These models were able to predict the moisture content of observed quantities of wood chips with the required accuracy (R2 = 0.9−0.99). This finding opens another path to measuring the moisture content and porosity of wood chips in a relatively cheap and fast way and with adequate precision. In addition, principal component analysis showed that it is also possible to distinguish between individual wood chip fraction sizes from the information obtained.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of a Noncontact Torque Sensor with Multiple Hall Sensors

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungshik Lee ◽  
Chongdu Cho
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Torque Sensor ◽  
Torque Measurement ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Variable Power ◽  
Hall Sensors ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The feasibility of a noncontact sensor is investigated. This type of sensor can potentially be used for torque measurement in a speed-variable power transmission system. Torque can be read by examining the phase difference between two induction signals from respective magnetic sensors that detect the magnetic field intensity of permanent magnets mounted on the surface of a shaft in rotation. A real-time measuring algorithm that includes filtering and calibration is adopted to measure the torque magnitude. It is shown that this new torque sensor can perform well under rotation speeds ranging from 300 rpm to 500 rpm. As an interim report rather than a complete development, this work demonstrates the feasibility of noncontact torque measurement by monitoring a magnetic field. The result shows an error of less than 2% within the full test range, which is a sufficient competitive performance for commercial sensors. The price is very low compared to competitors in the marketplace, and the device does not require special handling of the shaft of the surface.

Investigation of magnet segmentation techniques for eddy current losses reduction in permanent magnets electrical machines

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belli Zoubida ◽  
Mohamed Rachid Mekideche
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Skin Effect ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Finite Elements Analysis ◽  
Eddy Current Losses ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – Reducing eddy current losses in magnets of electrical machines can be obtained by means of several techniques. The magnet segmentation is the most popular one. It imposes the least restrictions on machine performances. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the magnet circumferential segmentation technique to reduce these undesirable losses. The full and partial magnet segmentation are both studied for a frequency range from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To increase the efficiency of these techniques to reduce losses for any working frequency, an optimization strategy based on coupling of finite elements analysis and genetic algorithm is applied. The purpose of this paper is to define the parameters of the total and partial segmentation that can ensure the best reduction of eddy current losses. Design/methodology/approach – First, a model to analyze eddy current losses is presented. Second, the effectiveness of full and partial magnet circumferential segmentation to reduce eddy loss is studied for a range of frequencies from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To achieve these purposes a 2-D finite element model is developed under MATLAB environment. In a third step of the work, an optimization process is applied to adjust the segmentation design parameters for best reduction of eddy current losses in case of surface mounted permanent magnets synchronous machine. Findings – In case of the skin effect operating, both full and partial magnet segmentations can lead to eddy current losses increases. Such deviations of magnet segmentation techniques can be avoided by an appropriate choice of their design parameters. Originality/value – Few works are dedicated to investigate partial magnet segmentation for eddy current losses reduction. This paper studied the effectiveness and behaviour of partial segmentation for different frequency ranges. To avoid eventual anomalies related to the skin effect an optimization process based on the association of the finite elements analysis to genetic algorithm method is adopted.

scholarly journals Analysis of Melt Pool Characteristics and Process Parameters Using a Coaxial Monitoring System during Directed Energy Deposition in Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kledwig ◽  
Holger Perfahl ◽  
Martin Reisacher ◽  
Frank Brückner ◽  
Jens Bliedtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Process ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Melt Pool ◽  
Temporal Variance ◽  
Laser Deposition Welding ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Melt Pool Characteristics ◽  
Pool Area

The growing number of commercially available machines for laser deposition welding show the growing acceptance and importance of this technology for industrial applications. Their increasing usage in research and production requires process stability and user-friendly handling. A commercially available DMG MORI LT 65 3D hybrid machine used in combination with a CCD-based coaxial temperature measurement system was utilized in this work to investigate what information relating to the intensity distribution of melt pool surfaces could be appropriate to draw conclusions about process conditions. In this study it is shown how the minimal required specific energy for a stable process can be determined, and it is indicated that the evolution of a plasma plume depends on thermal energy within the base material. An estimated melt pool area—calculated by the number of pixels (NOP) with intensities larger than a fixed, predefined threshold—builds the main measure in analysing images from the process camera. The melt pool area and its temporal variance can also serve as an indicator for an increased working distance.

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