scholarly journals Few-Shot Personalized Saliency Prediction Based on Adaptive Image Selection Considering Object and Visual Attention

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Moroto ◽  
Keisuke Maeda ◽  
Takahiro Ogawa ◽  
Miki Haseyama
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Training Images ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Saliency Prediction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Visual Attention

A few-shot personalized saliency prediction based on adaptive image selection considering object and visual attention is presented in this paper. Since general methods predicting personalized saliency maps (PSMs) need a large number of training images, the establishment of a theory using a small number of training images is needed. To tackle this problem, although finding persons who have visual attention similar to that of a target person is effective, all persons have to commonly gaze at many images. Thus, it becomes difficult and unrealistic when considering their burden. On the other hand, this paper introduces a novel adaptive image selection (AIS) scheme that focuses on the relationship between human visual attention and objects in images. AIS focuses on both a diversity of objects in images and a variance of PSMs for the objects. Specifically, AIS selects images so that selected images have various kinds of objects to maintain their diversity. Moreover, AIS guarantees the high variance of PSMs for persons since it represents the regions that many persons commonly gaze at or do not gaze at. The proposed method enables selecting similar users from a small number of images by selecting images that have high diversities and variances. This is the technical contribution of this paper. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our personalized saliency prediction including the new image selection scheme.

scholarly journals The distortion of crystals of aluminium under compression. Part III.―Measurements of stress

1927 ◽  
Vol 116 (773) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Measurable Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Several experiments were devised to find out whether it is possible to measure the internal shearing stresses in a compressed disc, and the conditions under which it is possible to do so. Equations are developed for analysing shear stresses parallel to planes of slip and distortion due to double and single slipping. The relationship between shear stress and amount of shear is found for tensile and for compression specimens, when slipping is confined to one plane. The experimental results in the two cases are identical. The fact that the component of force normal to plane of slip is a pressure in one case and a tension in the other makes no measurable difference to resistance to slipping for given amount of slip. During double slipping resistance to shear increases more rapidly for a given total amount of slipping than when all slip is confined to one plane. The experiments cover a large range and show that resistance to shear goes on increasing up to greatest amounts of distortion used.

scholarly journals Modeling of Rate-Independent and Symmetric Hysteresis Based on Madelung’s Rules

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kairui Cao ◽  
Rui Li
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Models ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
With Memory

Hysteresis is a kind of nonlinearity with memory, which is usually unwanted in practice. Many phenomenological models have been proposed to describe the observed hysteresis. For instance, the Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model, which consists of several backlash operators, is the most widely used. On the other hand, the well-known Madelung’s rules are always used to validate hysteresis models. It is worth pointing out that the PI model obeys Madelung’s rules. In this paper, instead of considering these rules as criteria, we propose a modeling method for symmetric hysteresis by directly constructing the trajectory based on Madelung’s rules. In the proposed method, turning points are recorded and wiped out according to the input value. After the implementation of the recording and wiping-out mechanisms, the curve which the current trajectory moves along can be determined and then the trajectory can be described. Furthermore, the relationship between the proposed method and the PI model is also investigated. The effectiveness of the presented method is validated by simulation and experimental results.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON DISSOCIATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Aarushi Agarwal ◽  
Ajeet Patel ◽  
Tara Singh ◽  
Trayambak Tiwari ◽  
Anju Lata Singh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose of the study: To answer the two existing controversies regarding attention and consciousness as brain processes. 1) Can one be aware of objects or events without attending to it? 2) Can one attend to objects or events without being aware of it? And also how top-down attention and awareness have opposing functions. Methodology: This article is a systematic review of the relationship between visual attention and awareness. An extensive elaborate study on concepts relating to attention and consciousness dissociation has been done. In this article we also narrow it down to experimental design that requires independent manipulation of each. Which include top-down attention and awareness aspect of consciousness? Main Findings: Many researches have been put forward supporting the independent nature of attention from awareness using sophisticated experimental and physiological shreds of evidence. On the other hand, some researches still stick to the contemporary common-sense notion of no awareness no attention. Our evaluation suggests an independent nature of attention and awareness. Application: This article intends to give a clear perspective of the ongoing debate on the relationship between attention and consciousness. Simplification of both umbrella terms will give basis for building more empirical evidence. Novelty: Further, this article put forward studies on both sides of debate aiming to bridge the gap to get a conclusive outlook in the future.

scholarly journals The Relation between the Crystal Symmetry of the Simpler Organic Compounds and their Molecular Constitution.- Part III

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (615) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Walter Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Crystal Symmetry ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Ordinary Temperature ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The investigation of the crystalline properties of the simpler organic bodies, gaseous or liquid at Ordinary temperature, has been described in Parts I and II.* In this paper the experimental results will be discussed with regard to their bearing upon the problem of the relationship between molecular constitution and crystal symmetry. In order to facilitate a comparison the experimental results are summarised in the table on p. 2. As seen from the table, more than 50 per cent, of the substances investigated are polymorphic, and to this class nearly all the substances which contain only one carbon atom belong. The question therefore arises which one of the crystalline modifications of a substance is to be compared with the one or the other form of another substance, or with the crystals of a substance of which only one modification is known. In most of the cases investigated very little is known with regard to the modification stable at low temperature, and thus for practical reasons only the form crystallising directly out of the liquid state can be taken into account.

scholarly journals When scenes speak louder than words: Verbal encoding does not mediate the relationship between scene meaning and visual attention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn L Rehrig ◽  
Taylor Hayes ◽  
John M. Henderson ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Attentional Guidance ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
Guidance Theory ◽  
The Relationship

The complexity of the visual world requires that we constrain visual attention and prioritize some regions of the scene for attention over others. The current study investigated whether verbal encoding processes influence how attention is allocated in scenes. Specifically, we asked whether the advantage of scene meaning over image salience in attentional guidance is modulated by verbal encoding, given that we often use language to process information. Sixty subjects studied 30 scenes for 12 seconds each in preparation for a scene recall task. Thirty of the subjects engaged in a secondary articulatory suppression task (digit repetition) concurrent with scene viewing. Meaning and saliency maps were quantified for each of the 30 scenes. In both conditions we found that meaning explained more of the variance in visual attention than image salience did, particularly when we controlled for the overlap between meaning and salience. Based on these results, verbal encoding processes do not appear to modulate the relationship between scene meaning and visual attention, or to play a role in encoding scenes for later recall. Our findings suggest that semantic information in the scene steers the attentional ship, consistent with cognitive guidance theory.

scholarly journals High-definition human visual attention mapping using wavelets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Saber
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Biological Inspiration ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Spectral Residual ◽  
Salient Regions ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Salient Edges ◽  
Human Visual Attention

In this work, three novel approaches to detecting visual attention in images are presented. The idea behind detecting areas within images or video that naturally attract a viewer’s attention is based on the concept of generating pre-attentive saliency maps. Saliency, in and of itself, relates to some measure of “conspicuity” in the visual field and is believed to be an important precursor for many tasks in computer vision. One of the proposed methods in this thesis detects salient regions, while the other two detect salient edges. The classical approach to saliency detection proposed by Itti is extended by introducing wavelets as a lossless resizing tool while maintaining the aspect of biological inspiration. In addition to this, the spectral residual method and the frequency tuned method are modified using wavelets to allow for salient edge detection. Tests show that the proposed methods yield results that are not only comparable to leading,cutting-edge methods, but also exceed them in terms of correct and complete object detection as well as noise reduction.

Effect of Message Type on the Visual Attention of Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Thiessen ◽  
Jessica Brown ◽  
David Beukelman ◽  
Karen Hux ◽  
Angela Myers
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Message Type ◽  
Action Naming ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to measure the effect of message type (i.e., action, naming) on the visual attention patterns of individuals with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) when viewing grids composed of 3 types of images (i.e., icons, decontextualized photographs, and contextualized photographs). Method Fourteen adults with TBI and 14 without TBI—assigned either to an action or naming message condition—viewed grids composed of 3 different image types. Participants' task was to select/sustain visual fixation on the image they felt best represented a stated message (i.e., action or naming). Results With final fixation location serving as a proxy for selection, participants in the naming message condition selected decontextualized photographs significantly more often than the other 2 image types. Participants in the action message condition selected contextualized photographs significantly more frequently than the other 2 image types. Minimal differences were noted between participant groups. Conclusions This investigation provides preliminary evidence of the relationship between image and message type. Clinicians involved in the selection of images used for message representation should consider the message being represented when designing supports for people with TBI. Further research is necessary to fully understand the relationship between images and message type.

scholarly journals High-definition human visual attention mapping using wavelets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Saber
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Biological Inspiration ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Spectral Residual ◽  
Salient Regions ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Salient Edges ◽  
Human Visual Attention

In this work, three novel approaches to detecting visual attention in images are presented. The idea behind detecting areas within images or video that naturally attract a viewer’s attention is based on the concept of generating pre-attentive saliency maps. Saliency, in and of itself, relates to some measure of “conspicuity” in the visual field and is believed to be an important precursor for many tasks in computer vision. One of the proposed methods in this thesis detects salient regions, while the other two detect salient edges. The classical approach to saliency detection proposed by Itti is extended by introducing wavelets as a lossless resizing tool while maintaining the aspect of biological inspiration. In addition to this, the spectral residual method and the frequency tuned method are modified using wavelets to allow for salient edge detection. Tests show that the proposed methods yield results that are not only comparable to leading,cutting-edge methods, but also exceed them in terms of correct and complete object detection as well as noise reduction.

scholarly journals COORDINATION IN GAMES WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
TANGA MORAE MCDANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Pure Strategy ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Cheap Talk ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stag Hunt ◽  
Games With Incomplete Information ◽  
The Relationship

We use experiments to study coordination in games with incomplete information. In the games, one player knows the payoffs, while the other player knows the probability of payoffs forming a prisoner's dilemma or a stag-hunt. When payoffs form a stag-hunt there are two Pareto ranked pure strategy equilibria. We ask whether cheap talk aids coordination on the socially optimal equilibrium and whether the informed player can use cheap talk to engineer her preferred outcome. Consistent with previous literature, the benefit of cheap talk depends on the relationship between payoffs and risks, and in the games we study; cheap talk benefits informed players only when the stag-hunt payoffs exhibit low risks.

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