scholarly journals Investigation of the Performance of TDoA-Based Localization Over LoRaWAN in Theory and Practice

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5464
Author(s):  
Jan Pospisil ◽  
Radek Fujdiak ◽  
Konstantin Mikhaylov
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Global Positioning

The paper deals with the localization in a low-power wide-area-network (LPWAN) operating long-range wide-area-network (LoRaWAN) technology. The LoRaWAN is, today, one of the most widely used connectivity-enabling technologies for the battery-powered smart devices employed in a broad range of applications. Many of these applications either require or can benefit from the availability of geolocation information. The use of global positioning system (GPS) technology is restrained by the bad propagation of the signal when the device is hidden indoors, and by energy consumption such a receiver would require. Therefore, this paper focuses on an alternative solution implying the use of the information readily available in the LoRaWAN network and application of the time difference of arrival (TDoA) method for the passive geolocation of end-devices in the network. First, the limits of geolocation services in networks that use narrow-band communication channels are discussed, as well as the relevant challenges faced by the TDoA approach. Then, we select five classic TDoA algorithms and evaluate their performance using simulation. Based on these results, we select the two providing the best accuracy (i.e., Chan’s and Foy’s). These algorithms were tested by the field measurements, using the specially designed low-cost gateways and test devices to estimate their real-life performance.

scholarly journals LPWAN-Based Vehicular Monitoring Platform with a Generic IP Network Interface

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Santa ◽  
Ramon Sanchez-Iborra ◽  
Pablo Rodriguez-Rey ◽  
Luis Bernal-Escobedo ◽  
Antonio Skarmeta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Network Interface ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Compression Scheme ◽  
Campus Environment ◽  
Transmission Distance ◽  
Monitoring Platform

Remote vehicle monitoring is a field that has recently attracted the attention of both academia and industry. With the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the possibilities for performing this task have multiplied, due to the emergence of low-cost and multi-purpose monitoring devices and the evolution of wireless transmission technologies. Low Power-Wide Area Network (LPWAN) encompasses a set of IoT communication technologies that are gaining momentum, due to their highly valued features regarding transmission distance and end-device energy consumption. For that reason, in this work we present a vehicular monitoring platform enabled by LPWAN-based technology, namely Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Concretely, we explore the end-to-end architecture considering vehicle data retrieving by using an On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) interface, their compression with a novel IETF compression scheme in order to transmit them over the constrained LoRaWAN link, and information visualization through a data server hosted in the cloud, by means of a web-based dashboard. A key advance of the proposal is the design and development of a UNIX-based network interface for LPWAN communications. The whole system has been tested in a university campus environment, showing its capabilities to remotely track vehicle status in real-time. The conducted performance evaluation also shows high levels of reliability in the transmission link, with packet delivery ratios over 95%. The platform boosts the process of monitoring vehicles, enabling a variety of services such as mechanical failure prediction and detection, fleet management, and traffic monitoring, and is extensible to light vehicles with severe power constraints.

scholarly journals LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4273
Author(s):  
Jeferson Rodrigues Cotrim ◽  
João Henrique Kleinschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Coverage Area

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to the deployment of many applications that use wireless networks, like smart cities and smart agriculture. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) meet many requirements of IoT, such as energy efficiency, low cost, large coverage area, and large-scale deployment. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) networks are one of the most studied and implemented LPWAN technologies, due to the facility to build private networks with an open standard. Typical LoRaWAN networks are single-hop in a star topology, composed of end-devices that transmit data directly to gateways. Recently, several studies proposed multihop LoRaWAN networks, thus forming wireless mesh networks. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art multihop proposals for LoRaWAN. In addition, we carried out a comparative analysis and classification, considering technical characteristics, intermediate devices function, and network topologies. This paper also discusses open issues and future directions to realize the full potential of multihop networking. We hope to encourage other researchers to work on improving the performance of LoRaWAN mesh networks, with more theoretical and simulation analysis, as well as practical deployments.

LoRaWAN for an IoT-based environmental monitoring application in Tirana city

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evjola Spaho ◽  
Aleksandër Biberaj ◽  
Ares Tahiraga
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Monitoring Application

AbstractRecently, low power wide area networks are attracting a lot of attention by the research community. They are wireless technologies characterized by large coverage area, low bandwidth and long battery life. One of these low power wide area networks technologies, the long range wide area network, can be used for different monitoring applications for health, agriculture, traffic, smart city.In this paper, different simulations and experiments are conducted to implement a low-cost long-range wide area network environmental monitoring application for Tirana city in Albania. Simulation and experimental data are compared and similar results were obtained. In the low-cost implemented system, the gateway can communicate with the sensors placed in strategic positions with long distance covered also using Radio Mobile software.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Cooperative Low-Power Wide-Area Network for Energy-Efficient B5G Systems

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Chang Seok You ◽  
Jeong Seon Yeom ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Outage Probability ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Erlang Distribution ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Diversity Order ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Error Performance

Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) have received extensive attention from both academia and industry, since they can efficiently provide massive connectivity to internet of things (IoT) devices in wide geographical areas with low cost and low power consumption. Recently, it was shown that macro-diversity among multiple gateways significantly improves the performance of uplink LPWANs by coherently combining multiple received signals at gateways. We call such networks cooperative LPWANs. In this paper, the error performance of an uplink cooperative LPWAN is mathematically analyzed in terms of outage probability, bit error rate (BER), and diversity order. It is assumed that there exist multiple (two or more) gateways that have multiple antennas and are located at arbitrary positions in the LPWAN area. Each gateway exploits the optimal maximum-ratio combining (MRC) technique to decode the received signal, and then the signals after MRC are delivered to the cloud fusion center for coherent combining in the cooperative LPWAN. The main results, the closed-form expressions of outage probability and BER, were derived by utilizing the hyper-Erlang distribution. Furthermore, the macro-diversity order was mathematically derived. The mathematical analysis was validated through extensive computer simulations. It worth noting that the mathematical analysis of the error performance of cooperative LPWANs is the first theoretical result in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

The Design of a Low-Cost Wide Area Network Simulator

2009 ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Kevin Schmidt ◽  
Joe Cerney ◽  
Ryan Becker ◽  
Patrick Duffy ◽  
Ana Goulart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Wide Area Network

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Cognitive Radio in Low Power Wide Area Network for Industrial IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Nahla Nurelmadina ◽  
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Imran Memon ◽  
Rashid A. Saeed ◽  
Khairul Akram Zainol Ariffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Industrial Iot

The Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) helps several applications that require power control and low cost to achieve long life. The progress of IIoT communications, mainly based on cognitive radio (CR), has been guided to the robust network connectivity. The low power communication is achieved for IIoT sensors applying the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) with the Sigfox, NBIoT, and LoRaWAN technologies. This paper aims to review the various technologies and protocols for industrial IoT applications. A depth of assessment has been achieved by comparing various technologies considering the key terms such as frequency, data rate, power, coverage, mobility, costing, and QoS. This paper provides an assessment of 64 articles published on electricity control problems of IIoT between 2007 and 2020. That prepares a qualitative technique of answering the research questions (RQ): RQ1: “How cognitive radio engage with the industrial IoT?”, RQ2: “What are the Proposed architectures that Support Cognitive Radio LPWAN based IIOT?”, and RQ3: What key success factors need to comply for reliable CIIoT support in the industry?”. With the systematic literature assessment approach, the effects displayed on the cognitive radio in LPWAN can significantly revolute the commercial IIoT. Thus, researchers are more focused in this regard. The study suggests that the essential factors of design need to be considered to conquer the critical research gaps of the existing LPWAN cognitive-enabled IIoT. A cognitive low energy architecture is brought to ensure efficient and stable communications in a heterogeneous IIoT. It will protect the network layer from offering the customers an efficient platform to rent AI, and various LPWAN technology were explored and investigated.

scholarly journals Analysis of Web-Based IoT through Heterogeneous Networks: Swarm Computing over LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Samira Afzal ◽  
Laisa C. C. De Biase ◽  
Geovane Fedrecheski ◽  
William T. Pereira ◽  
Marcelo K. Zuffo
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Binary Object ◽  
The Impact

The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages added valued services by the wide spread of connected smart devices. The Swarm Computing paradigm considers a single abstraction layer that connects all kinds of devices globally, from sensors to super computers. In this context, the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) emerges, spreading out connection to the IoT end devices. With the upsides of long-range, low power and low cost, LPWAN presents major limitations regarding data transmission capacity, throughput, supported packet length and quantity per day limitation. This situation makes LPWAN systems with limited interoperability integrate with systems based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST). This work investigates how to connect web-based IoT applications with LPWANs. The analysis was carried out studying the number of packets generated for a use case of REST-based IoT over LPWAN, specifically the Swarm OS over LoRaWAN. The work also presents an analysis of the impact of using promising schemes for lower communication load. We evaluated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) to make transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs possible. The attained results show the reduction of 98.18% packet sizes while using SCHC and CBOR compared to HTTP and JSON by sending fewer packets with smaller sizes.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Implementation of Reactive Jammer on LoRaWAN Network

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 864
Author(s):  
Toni Perković ◽  
Hrvoje Rudeš ◽  
Slaven Damjanović ◽  
Antun Nakić
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Jamming Attacks ◽  
Package Delivery ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Lightning Fire ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWA) has already started to gain a notorious adoption in the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape due to its enormous potential. It is already employed in a wide variety of scenarios involving parking lot occupancy, package delivery, smart irrigation, smart lightning, fire detection, etc. If messages from LPWA devices can be manipulated or blocked, this will violate the integrity of the collected information and lead to unobserved events (e.g., fire, leakage). This paper explores the possibility that violates message integrity by applying a reactive jamming technique that disrupts a Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network. As shown in this paper, using low-cost commodity hardware based on Arduino platform, an attacker can easily mount such an attack that would result in completely shutting down the entire LoRaWAN network with high probability. Several countermeasures are introduced to reduce the possibility of jamming attacks.

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