scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Packet Forwarding Scheme Based on Fuzzy Decision-Making in Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Jitander Kumar Pabani ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽  
Waheeduddin Hyder ◽  
Pablo Otero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Making ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Packet Forwarding ◽  
Node Number ◽  
The Impact

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.15) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Komal Memon ◽  
Nafeesa Bohra ◽  
Faisal K Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

There is a great demand of an Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) in applications of water monitoring and offshore exploration. In such applications, network comprises of multiple sensor nodes which are deployed at different locations and depths of water. Sensor nodes perform collective tasks such as data collection and data transmission to other nodes or Base Station (BS). The bottom nodes are located at depth of water, and are not able to communicate directly with the surface level nodes, these nodes require multi-hop communication with appropriate routing protocol. Therefore, an energy efficient routing protocols are used for such scenarios, which is necessary as well as challenging task. As sensors are battery operated devices, which are really problematic to recharge or replace. The error and propagation path delays are high in acoustic channels therefore underwater communication is much effected. Realizing the circumstances, more attention has been given to compare energy efficient routing protocols which comparatively consume low energy and achieve high throughput. This paper, comprises of analysis and comparison of existing UWSN based efficient energy routing protocols. Based upon the analysis and comparison, VBF and DBR have been proposed that fulfill the requirements. The analysis is done on NS-2 and for comparison, the performance metrics which are evaluated are: Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption, throughput and average End to End (E2E) delay. The results show that VBF protocol consume very large amount of energy as compared to DBR protocol. Whereas DBR protocol have characteristics like low energy consumption, minimum delay high PDR and high throughput than VBF protocol.  

scholarly journals IESDAD :improved energy efficient structure- free data aggregation and delivery protocol in WSN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.27) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Avneet Kaur ◽  
Neeraj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Gateway Node ◽  
Free Data

The wireless sensor is deployed to sense large amount of data from the far places. With the large deployment of the sensor networks, it faces major issues like energy consumption, dynamic routing and security. The Energy efficient structure-free data aggregation and delivery (ESDAD) is the protocol which is hierarchal in nature. The ESDAD protocol can be further improved to increase lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The base station localizes the position of each sensor node and defines level of each node for the data transmission. In the ESDAD protocol, the next hop node is selected based on cost function for the data transmission. In this research work, improved in ESDAD protocol is proposed in which gateway nodes are deployed after each level for the data transmission. The sensor node will sense the information and transmit it to gateway node. The gateway node aggregates data to the base station and simulation results show that improved ESDAD protocol performs well in terms of energy consumption and number of throughput. 

Distance Based Clustering Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
K. Kalaiselvi ◽  
G.R. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cluster Head Selection ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

In wireless sensor networks Energy-efficient routing is an important issue due to the limited battery power within the network, Energy consumption is one of the important performance factors. Specifically for the election of cluster head selection and distance between the cluster head node and base station. The main objective of this proposed system is to reduce the energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. This paper introduces a new clustering algorithm for energy efficient routing based on a cluster head selection

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Altitude Optimization of an Aerial Access Point

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nithin Babu ◽  
Konstantinos Ntougias ◽  
Constantinos B. Papadias ◽  
Petar Popovski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient optimal<br>altitude for an aerial access point (AAP), which acts as a flying<br>base station to serve a set of ground user equipment (UE).<br>Since the ratio of total energy consumed by the aerial vehicle<br>to the communication energy is very large, we include the<br>aerial vehicle’s energy consumption in the problem formulation.<br>After considering the energy consumption model of the aerial<br>vehicle, our objective is translated into a non-convex optimization<br>problem of maximizing the global energy efficiency (GEE)<br>of the aerial communication system, subject to altitude and<br>minimum individual data rate constraints. At first, the nonconvex fractional objective function is solved by using sequential<br>convex programming (SCP) optimization technique. To compare<br>the result of SCP with the global optimum of the problem,<br>we reformulate the initial problem as a monotonic fractional<br>optimization problem (MFP) and solve it using the polyblock<br>outer approximation (PA) algorithm. Numerical results show that<br>the candidate solution obtained from SCP is the same as the<br>global optimum found using the monotonic fractional programming technique. Furthermore, the impact of the aerial vehicle’s<br>energy consumption on the optimal altitude determination is also<br>studied <br>

scholarly journals An Improved Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Ting Zhao ◽  
Yong Tie ◽  
Fengshan Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Leach Protocol

Cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols play an essential role in decreasing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proposed as an application-specific protocol architecture for WSNs. However, without considering the distribution of the cluster heads (CHs) in the rotation basis, the LEACH protocol will increase the energy consumption of the network. To improve the energy efficiency of the WSN, we propose a novel modified routing protocol in this paper. The newly proposed improved energy-efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) protocol considers the residual node energy and the average energy of the networks. To achieve satisfactory performance in terms of reducing the sensor energy consumption, the proposed IEE-LEACH accounts for the numbers of the optimal CHs and prohibits the nodes that are closer to the base station (BS) to join in the cluster formation. Furthermore, the proposed IEE-LEACH uses a new threshold for electing CHs among the sensor nodes, and employs single hop, multi-hop, and hybrid communications to further improve the energy efficiency of the networks. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with some existing routing protocols, the proposed protocol substantially reduces the energy consumption of WSNs.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Altitude Optimization of an Aerial Access Point

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nithin Babu ◽  
Konstantinos Ntougias ◽  
Constantinos B. Papadias ◽  
Petar Popovski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient optimal<br>altitude for an aerial access point (AAP), which acts as a flying<br>base station to serve a set of ground user equipment (UE).<br>Since the ratio of total energy consumed by the aerial vehicle<br>to the communication energy is very large, we include the<br>aerial vehicle’s energy consumption in the problem formulation.<br>After considering the energy consumption model of the aerial<br>vehicle, our objective is translated into a non-convex optimization<br>problem of maximizing the global energy efficiency (GEE)<br>of the aerial communication system, subject to altitude and<br>minimum individual data rate constraints. At first, the nonconvex fractional objective function is solved by using sequential<br>convex programming (SCP) optimization technique. To compare<br>the result of SCP with the global optimum of the problem,<br>we reformulate the initial problem as a monotonic fractional<br>optimization problem (MFP) and solve it using the polyblock<br>outer approximation (PA) algorithm. Numerical results show that<br>the candidate solution obtained from SCP is the same as the<br>global optimum found using the monotonic fractional programming technique. Furthermore, the impact of the aerial vehicle’s<br>energy consumption on the optimal altitude determination is also<br>studied <br>

Energy Efficient Recursive Clustering and Gathering in Big Data for Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 680-687
Author(s):  
S. Subaselvi ◽  
T. Manimekalai ◽  
K. Gunaseelan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Long Distance

Big data is one of the emerging technology in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Gathering of data is the biggest challenge for implementing big data in WSN. In WSN, the frequent information communications between the nodes are inevitable. Moreover, the long distance communication between the nodes in the network lead to reduction in the lifetime of the nodes. In order to reduce communication distance between the nodes and to efficiently gather large amount of data. Energy Efficient Recursive Clustering and Gathering for big data in WSN is proposed. In proposed algorithm, the grid area will be divided into zones. The zones are divided by finding the minimum and maximum X and Y from the nodes location and distribution of nodes in the network. In each zone, clusters are formed in recursive manner. After the clusters are formed in recursive manner, for every cluster, the Cluster Administrator are elected based on the maximum energy among the nodes in the cluster. Once the Cluster Administrators are elected, the Cluster Administrator which has the maximum energy in the Zone, will be elected as a Cluster Head. The Cluster Head only send the information for a particular zone. Energy consumption will be reduced as the cluster head only sends the information to the base station, instead of every nodes in the zone. The localization algorithm based on Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and multi hop routing is performed to reduce end-to-end delay in the network. The simulated results show that the proposed algorithm gathers large amount of data with low energy consumption than the existing algorithm.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Multiple-Relay Cooperative Networks Using Hamming Coding

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Nasaruddin Nasaruddin ◽  
◽  
Ramzi Adriman ◽  
Afdhal Afdhal
Keyword(s):  
Communication Network ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cooperative Communication ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Multiple Relay ◽  
The Impact

Using a multiple-relay cooperative communication network is one of the most effective methods for reducing the impact of fading on wireless channels. In such a network, a source sends information to a destination via several nearby nodes, which form virtual antennas regardless of the size and cost of the mobile equipment. The network is also required to transmit multimedia and allow access to high-speed data, thus requiring significant energy consumption. Until now, mobile devices have only been able to store a limited amount of energy, leading to rapid battery depletion in relay and mobile user devices. Moreover, the Base Station (BS) itself consumes considerable energy and the number of BSs continues to grow. Therefore, the development of an energy-efficient cooperative communication network that reduces energy consumption while maintaining the highest possible level of performance is urgently required. To this end, this paper proposes the application of Hamming coding to a multiple-relay cooperative communication network for Energy Efficiency (EE) analysis. Then, the relay protocol aspect is also determined to increase the level of EE. This study considers two practical protocol relays, Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Quantize-and-Forward (QF), for a more in-depth analysis of EE. The results show that the multiple-relay QF network demonstrates EE when compared to a multiple-relay AF network.

QoS Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Omkar Singh ◽  
Vinay Rishiwal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
End To End

Background & Objective: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of huge number of tiny senor nodes. WSN collects environmental data and sends to the base station through multi-hop wireless communication. QoS is the salient aspect in wireless sensor networks that satisfies end-to-end QoS requirement on different parameters such as energy, network lifetime, packets delivery ratio and delay. Among them Energy consumption is the most important and challenging factor in WSN, since the senor nodes are made by battery reserved that tends towards life time of sensor networks. Methods: In this work an Improve-Energy Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Hierarchy (I-EAMMH) QoS based routing approach has been proposed and evaluated that reduces energy consumption and delivers data packets within time by selecting optimum cost path among discovered routes which extends network life time. Results and Conclusion: Simulation has been done in MATLAB on varying number of rounds 400- 2000 to checked the performance of proposed approach. I-EAMMH is compared with existing routing protocols namely EAMMH and LEACH and performs better in terms of end-to-end-delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as reduces the energy consumption 13%-19% and prolongs network lifetime 9%- 14%.

A Split Network based Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Network Stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardeep S. Saini ◽  
Dinesh Arora
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Ch Selection

Background & Objective: The operating efficiency of a sensor network totally relies upon the energy that is consumed by the nodes to perform various tasks like data transmission etc. Thus, it becomes mandatory to consume the energy in an intelligent way so that the network can run for a long period. This paper proposed an energy efficient Cluster Head (CH) selection mechanism by considering the distance to Base Station (BS), distance to node and energy as major factors. The concept of volunteer node is also introduced with an objective to reduce the energy consumption of the CH to transmit data from source to BS. The role of the volunteer node is to transmit the data successfully from source to destination or BS. Conclusion: The results are observed with respect to the Alive nodes, dead nodes and energy consumption of the network. The outcome of the proposed work proves that it outperforms the traditional mechanisms.

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