scholarly journals Overall Profile Measurements of Tiny Parts with Complicated Features with the Cradle-Type Five-Axis System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4609
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Linlin Zhu ◽  
Li Miao ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Changshuai Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Error Calibration ◽  
Narrow Space ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Five Axis ◽  
Industrial Problem

There are generally complex features with large curvature or narrow space on surfaces of complicated tiny parts, which makes high-precision measurements of their three-dimensional (3D) overall profiles a long-lasting industrial problem. This paper proposes a feasible measurement solution to this problem, by designing a cradle-type point-scanning five-axis measurement system. All the key technology of this system is also studied from the system construction to the actual measurement process, and the measurement accuracy is improved through error calibration and compensation. Finally, the feasibility is proved by engineering realization. The measurement capability of the system is verified by measuring workpieces such as cross cylinders and microtriangular pyramids.

Non-Contact R-Test for Error Calibration of Five-Axis Machine Tools

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Ibaraki ◽  
Cefu Hong
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tools ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Sphere Center ◽  
Displacement Sensors ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Error Calibration ◽  
Five Axis

The R-test is a new instrument to measure three-dimensional displacement of a precision sphere attached to a spindle relative to a work table by using three displacement sensors. Its application to error calibration for five-axis machine tools has been studied in both academia and industry. For the simplicity in calculating the sphere center displacement, all conventional R-test devices use contact-type displacement sensors with a flat-ended probe. Conventional contact-type R-test may be potentially subject to the influence of the friction or the dynamics of supporting spring in displacement sensors particularly in dynamic measurement. This paper proposes a non-contact R-test with laser displacement sensors. A new algorithm was proposed to estimate the three-dimensional displacement of sphere center by using laser displacement sensors, It compensates the measurement uncertainty caused by the inclination of the target surface. Experimental case studies are presented to evaluate its measurement performance by comparing with the conventional contact-type R-test device.

R-Test Analysis Software for Error Calibration of Five-Axis Machine Tools – Application to a Five-Axis Machine Tool with Two Rotary Axes on the Tool Side –

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Ibaraki ◽  
◽  
Yu Nagai ◽  
Hisashi Otsubo ◽  
Yasutaka Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geometric Error ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Rotary Axes ◽  
Rotary Axis ◽  
Displacement Sensors ◽  
Error Calibration ◽  
Five Axis

The R-test measures the three-dimensional displacement of a precision sphere, attached to a machine spindle, by using three displacement sensors fixed to the machine’s table. Its application to error calibration for five-axis machine tools has long been studied. This paper presents software for analyzing the measured R-test trajectories for error diagnosis and numerical compensation for rotary axis location errors and error motions. The developed software first graphically presents the measured R-test trajectories to help a user intuitively understand error motions of the rotary axes. It also numerically parameterizes the rotary axis geometric error parameters, and then generates a compensation table that can be implemented in some latest-generation commercial CNC systems. An actual demonstration of its application to a five-axis machine tool with a universal head (two rotary axes on the spindle side) is presented.

Development of Four-Axis 3D Printer with Fused Deposition Modeling Technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosuke Kawagishi ◽  
◽  
Shoma Umetani ◽  
Ken Tanaka ◽  
Eiji Ametani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Modeling Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Five Axis

A new four-axis 3D printer using fused-deposition modeling (FDM) technology has been developed. The hardware components, consisting of a mechanical structure and servo-control system, and an original computer-aided machining (CAM) system were developed. Three-dimensional printers, particularly those using FDM technology, have gained popularity even in hobby use for the easy modeling of special and original parts. Three-axis control systems using stepping motors or servomotors are generally used for the development of conventional 3D printers. The nozzle portion is therefore constrained in one direction. This leads to limitations in modeling 3D shapes. Adding degrees of freedom is necessary to create more complex features. We designed a new 3D printer with multi-axis control to address this problem. Our final goal is the development of a five-axis 3D printer. We started with a four-Axis 3D printer as a first step. The number of lamination directions is increased from three to four. As conventional CAM systems cannot be used to program the desired lamination for a four-axis 3D printer, a new CAM system using the Kodatuno kernel was developed. The system can determine the nozzle orientation based on the machine tool formulation. This paper reports the developmental background and an overview of the developed machine tool as well as its characteristics, its evaluation results, and our future plans.

scholarly journals Transparent Object Shape Measurement Based on Deflectometry

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Zhichao Hao ◽  
Yuankun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Phase Measurement ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Direction ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Temporal Phase ◽  
Convex Lens ◽  
Normal Orientation

This paper proposes a method for obtaining surface normal orientation and 3-D shape of plano-convex lens using refraction stereo. We show that two viewpoints are sufficient to solve this problem under the condition that the refractive index of the object is known. What we need to know is that (1) an accurate function that maps each pixel to the refraction point caused by the refraction of the object. (2) light is refracted only once. In the simulation, the actual measurement process is simplified: light is refracted only once; and the accurate one-to-one correspondence between incident ray and refractive ray is realized by known object points. The deformed grating caused by refraction point is also constructed in the process of simulation. A plano-convex lens with a focal length of 242.8571 mm is used for stereo data acquisition, normal direction acquisition, and the judgment of normal direction consistency. Finally, restoring the three-dimensional information of the plano-convex lens by computer simulation. Simulation results suggest that our method is feasibility. In the actual experiment, considering the case of light is refracted more than once, combining the calibration data acquisition based on phase measurement, phase-shifting and temporal phase-unwrapping techniques to complete (1) calibrating the corresponding position relationship between the monitor and the camera (2) matching incident ray and refractive ray.

scholarly journals Software-Based Three-Dimensional Deconvolution Microscopy of Cytoskeletal Proteins in Cultured Fibroblast Using Open-Source Software and Open Hardware

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Kazuo Katoh
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Open Hardware

As conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy generally produce images with blurring at the upper and lower planes along the z-axis due to non-focal plane image information, the observation of biological images requires “deconvolution.” Therefore, a microscope system’s individual blur function (point spread function) is determined theoretically or by actual measurement of microbeads and processed mathematically to reduce noise and eliminate blurring as much as possible. Here the author describes the use of open-source software and open hardware design to build a deconvolution microscope at low cost, using readily available software and hardware. The advantage of this method is its cost-effectiveness and ability to construct a microscope system using commercially available optical components and open-source software. Although this system does not utilize expensive equipment, such as confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopes, decent images can be obtained even without previous experience in electronics and optics.

Seismic Response Analysis on Flat L-Shaped Frame Structure Based on FEM

2012 ◽  
Vol 166-169 ◽  
pp. 2138-2142
Author(s):  
Hui Min Wang ◽  
Liang Cao ◽  
Ji Yao ◽  
Zhi Liang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time History ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Seismic Response Analysis ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Complex Features

For the complex features in the form of a flat L-shaped reinforced concrete frame structure, the three dimensional FEM model of the structure was established in this paper, and the dynamic characteristics of the structure was analyzed, the participation equivalent mass of every mode’s order was obtained. Seismic response analysis for the structure was carried out with modal decomposition spectrum method and time history analysis method, the weak layer of the structure was pointed out and the reference for the structural design was provided.

Noninvasive acoustic blood volume measurement system for the POLVAD prosthesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Opilski ◽  
G. Konieczny ◽  
T. Pustelny ◽  
A. Gacek ◽  
R. Kustosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Helmholtz Resonator ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Blood Volume Measurement ◽  
Future Plans

Noninvasive acoustic blood volume measurement system for the POLVAD prosthesisThe following paper presents researches concerning a noninvasive real-time blood volume measurement system applied in POLVAD prosthesis. The system is based on the acoustic Helmholtz resonator principle. The basis of the measurement method, followed by the preliminary tests of the possibility of incorporating the Helmholtz resonance idea into the POLVAD prosthesis is shown. The paper includes the actual measurement system construction and test results, both static and dynamic obtained at the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development in Zabrze, Poland. Conclusions and future plans are presented too.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Knee Joint Movement with Biplanar Photography, with Special Reference to the Analysis of ‘dynamic’ Knee Instabilities

1993 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Matsumoto ◽  
B B Seedhom
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Pivot Shift ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Cadaveric Knee

An apparatus was developed by means of which it was possible to move a cadaveric knee joint under a constant external force and to measure its movement in three dimensions using biplanar photography, to investigate mechanisms of ‘dynamic’ knee instabilities, such as the ‘pivot shift’ phenomenon. Two wire frameworks, one attached to the femur, the other to the tibia, defined a system of three mutually orthogonal axes. While the knee joint was moved under a given force, a series of biplanar photographs of the two frameworks were taken. This procedure was repeated after sectioning different ligaments simulating different injuries. The joint was finally fully disarticulated, but leaving the reference wire frameworks still attached to their respective bone. Another series of biplanar photographs of the femur and tibia were taken. From these two series of measurements, movements of the tibia with respect to the femur were calculated. With this two-step method, knee movements could be measured without damaging the knee structures before or during the actual measurement (which could change the knee movement itself). On validating the system, it was concluded that knee movement could be measured with sufficient accuracy for the analysis of knee instability.

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